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Strabismus is a common cause of amblyopia, but line-based tests such as the RAF rule rely heavily on clinician expertise and are time-consuming, making misdiagnosis more likely, especially for inexperienced practitioners. To address these limitations, a case-based reasoning algorithm is developed and applied to classify strabismus types from frontal eye images. Experimental results show improved classification performance with reported accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, demonstrating feasibility for more consistent support in medical diagnostic workflows.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/an-automated-strabismus-classification-using-machine-learning-algorithm-for-binocular-vision-management-system-ieee-icsecs-2023-paper-abstract/126816/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/an-automated-strabismus-classification-using-machine-learning-algorithm-for-binocular-vision-management-system-ieee-icsecs-2023-paper-abstract/126816.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ivy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is strabismus diagnosis challenging in practice?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Diagnosis can depend strongly on clinicians’ experience when performing tests like the RAF rule, which is also time-consuming. These factors increase the risk of misdiagnosis, especially for less experienced practitioners.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What algorithm is used to automate strabismus classification?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"A case-based reasoning algorithm with a case-based reasoning approach is developed to automate the strabismus classification task from image inputs.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What outcomes demonstrate the system’s effectiveness?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The reported results include accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The system shows better performance for classifying strabismus types compared with the baseline described in the study.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},126816,1785934955,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":8,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":81},1099523885074,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","An Automated Strabismus Classification Using Machine Learning Algorithm for Binocular Vision  \nManagement System  \n2023 IEEE 8th International Conference On Software Engineering and Computer Systems ( ICSECS) | 979-8-3503-1093-1/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10. 1 109/ ICSECS58457. 2023. 10256291  \nMuhammad Amirul IsyrafRohismadi )DFXOW\\ RI &RPSXWLQJ 8QLYHUVLWL 0DOD\\VLD 3DKDQJ $O􀀐6XOWDQ $EGXOODK􀀏 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia  \nMohd. Hafidz Ithnin  \n.XOOL\\DK RI 0HGLFLQH,QWHUQDWLRQDO ,VODPLF 8QLYHUVLW\\ 0DOD\\VLD 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia  \nAnis Farihan Mat Raffei *)DFXOW\\ RI &RPSXWLQJ 8QLYHUVLWL 0DOD\\VLD 3DKDQJ $O􀀐6XOWDQ $EGXOODK􀀏 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia [anisfarihan@ump.edu.my](anisfarihan@ump.edu.my)  \nShah Farez Othman  \n.XOOL\\DK RI 0HGLFLQH,QWHUQDWLRQDO ,VODPLF 8QLYHUVLW\\ 0DOD\\VLD 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia  \nNor Saradatul Akmar Zulkifli )DFXOW\\ RI &RPSXWLQJ 8QLYHUVLWL 0DOD\\VLD 3DKDQJ $O􀀐6XOWDQ $EGXOODK􀀏 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia  \n$EVWUDFW² %LQRFXODU YLVLRQ LV D W\\SH RI YLVLRQ WKDW DOORZV DQLQGLYLGXDO WR SHUFHLYH GHSWK DQG GLVWDQFH XVLQJ ERWK H\\HV WR FUHDWH D VLQJOH LPDJH RI WKHLU HQYLURQPHQW􀀑 +RZHYHU􀀏 WKHUH LV DQ LOOQHVV FDOOHG VWUDELVPXV􀀏 ZKHUH LW LV GLIILFXOW IRU VRPH SHRSOH WRIRFXV RQ VHHLQJ WKLQJV FOHDUO\\ DW D WLPH􀀑 7KHUH DUH PDQ\\ GLDJQRVHV WKDW QHHG WR EH GRQH IRU GRFWRUV WR GLDJQRVH ZKHWKHUSDWLHQWV VXIIHU IURP VWUDELVPXV RU QRW􀀑 %HVLGHV􀀏 D QHZ SUDFWLWLRQHU FRXOG OHDG WR PLVGLDJQRVLV GXH WR ODFN RI SURIHVVLRQDO H[SHULHQFH DQG NQRZOHGJH􀀑 7R RYHUFRPH WKHVH OLPLWDWLRQV􀀏 D PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ DOJRULWKP􀀏 ZKLFK LV D FDVH􀀐EDVHGUHDVRQLQJ􀀏 LV GHYHORSHG WR DXWRPDWH WKH VWUDELVPXV FODVVLILFDWLRQ􀀑 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW WKH FDVH􀀐EDVHG UHDVRQLQJ DOJRULWKP SURYLGHV 􀀜􀀔􀀑􀀛􀀈 DFFXUDF\\􀀏 􀀛􀀜􀀑􀀕􀀜􀀈 SUHFLVLRQ􀀏 􀀜􀀕􀀑􀀘􀀜􀀈 UHFDOO DQG 􀀜􀀓􀀑􀀜􀀔􀀈 )􀀔􀀐6FRUH􀀑 7KLV VKRZV WKDW XVLQJ WKH FDVH􀀐 EDVHG UHDVRQLQJ DOJRULWKP FDQ JLYH EHWWHU SHUIRUPDQFH LQ FODVVLI\\LQJ WKH FODVV􀀑  \n.H\\ZRUGV² $FFRPPRGDWLYH DPSOLWXGH􀀏 VWUDELVPXV GLDJQRVLV􀀏 PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ􀀏 FODVVLILFDWLRQ􀀏 FDVH􀀐EDVHG UHDVRQLQJ  \n,􀀑 ,1752'8&7,21  \n3HRSOH DUH QRUPDOO\\ ERUQ ZLWK D SDLU RI H\\HV WKDW HQDEOH WKHP WR VHH WKH ZRUOG􀀑 +RZHYHU􀀏 VRPH SHRSOH VXIIHU IURP H\\H LOOQHVV WKDW PDNHV LW GLIILFXOW IRU WKHP WR IRFXV RQ VHHLQJ WKLQJVFOHDUO\\ DW D WLPH􀀑 7KLV FRQGLWLRQ LV FDOOHG D VTXLQW RUVWUDELVPXV􀀏 ZKHUH WKH H\\HV GR QRW DOLJQ SURSHUO\\ DQG SRLQW LQGLIIHUHQW GLUHFWLRQ >􀀔@􀀑 6WUDELVPXV LV WKH PRVW FRPPRQ FDXVHRIDPEO\\RSLD􀀏 ZKHUH ERWK H\\HV GR QRW GHYHORS SURSHUO\\ GXULQJFKLOGKRRG􀀑 ,I WKLV FRQGLWLRQ LV QRW WUHDWHG ZHOO􀀏 KH RU VKH ZLOOH[SHULHQFH YLVLRQ ORVV WKDW LV SHUPDQHQW DQG LUUHYHUVLEOH >􀀕@􀀏>􀀖@􀀑 )XUWKHUPRUH􀀏 VWUDELVPXV FDQ EH GLDJQRVHG WKURXJK VHYHUDOPHWKRGV􀀑 2QH RI WKH PHWKRGV LV HYDOXDWLQJ WKH DPSOLWXGH RIDFFRPPRGDWLRQ 􀀋$$􀀌􀀏 ZKLFK WKH PD[LPXP DPRXQW WKDW WKH H\\HV FDQ IRFXV RQ DQ REMHFW DW YDULDQFH GLVWDQFHV >􀀗@􀀏 >􀀘@􀀑 7KLV PHWKRG DOVR NQRZQ DV D GLDJQRVWLF PHWKRG􀀑 7KH GLDJQRVWLF PHWKRG LV QRUPDOO\\ SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ D GHYLFH FDOOHG D 5XOHUIRU $FFRPPRGDWLYH )XQFWLRQ 􀀋5$) UXOHU􀀌 >􀀙@􀀑 7KH 5$) UXOHULV D KDQG􀀐KHOG GHYLFH WKDW FRQVLVW RI D VHULHV RI OLQHV ZLWKGLIIHUHQW WKLFNQHVV DQG IRQW VL]H􀀑 7KH GHYLFH LV PRYHGWRZDUG  \nRU DZD\\ IURP WKH H\\HV ZKLOH WKH SDWLHQW LV IL[DWLQJ D WDUJHW􀀏 XQWLO WKH SDWLHQW FDQ QR ORQJHU FOHDUO\\ UHDG WKH OLQHV􀀑 7KH GLDJQRVWLF PHWKRG LV XVXDOO\\ SHUIRUPHG IRU WKUHH UHSHWLWLRQV WR REWDLQ DFFXUDWH PHDVXUHPHQWV IRU HDFK H\\H LQ GLRSWUHV 􀀋'􀀌􀀑  \n,Q DGGLWLRQ􀀏 WKH GLDJQRVWLF PHWKRG LV JUHDWO\\ GHSHQGHQW RQ SK\\VLFLDQV¶ SURIHVVLRQDO H[SHULHQFH DQG NQRZOHGJH􀀏 ZKLFK VRPHWLPHV FDQ OHDG WR D PLVGLDJQRVLV HVSHFLDOO\\ IRU D QHZ SUDFWLWLRQHU >􀀗@ DQG SURYLGLQJ DFFXUDWH DV ZHOO DV DFFHVVLEOH GLDJQRVHV LV D IXQGDPHQWDO FKDOOHQJH WR PHGLFDO GLDJQRVLV􀀑)XUWKHUPRUH􀀏 WKLV SURFHVV ZLOO DOVR WDNH ORQJHU EHFDXVH LW UHTXLUHV FRQILUPDWLRQ RI WKH GLDJQRVLV IURP D PRUHH[SHULHQFHG GRFWRU􀀑 7R RYHUFRPH WKLV VLWXDWLRQ􀀏 D PDFKLQHOHDUQLQJ KDV VKRZHG SURPLVHV LQ PHGLFDO GLDJQRVLV >􀀚􀀏 􀀛@􀀑 )RU WKH VWUDELVPXV FODVVLILFDWLRQ􀀏 RQO\\ .LP HW DO􀀑 >􀀜@ SURSRVHG DFRQYROXWLRQDO QHXUDO QHWZRUN PRGHO WR FODVVLI\\ W\\SH RIVWUDELVPXV HLWKHU ","cbCaihTQ3lyAcmr2","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihTQ3lyAcmr2","pdf",355963,"English","# Introduction\n## Strabismus and its clinical challenges\n## RAF rule diagnostic method\n# Related Problems in Diagnosis and Data Handling\n## Practitioner experience dependency\n## Limits of paper-based medical records\n# Proposed Machine Learning Approach\n## Case-based reasoning workflow\n## Experimental evaluation and performance metrics","[{\"question\":\"Why is strabismus diagnosis challenging in practice?\",\"answer\":\"Diagnosis can depend strongly on clinicians’ experience when performing tests like the RAF rule, which is also time-consuming. These factors increase the risk of misdiagnosis, especially for less experienced practitioners.\"},{\"question\":\"What algorithm is used to automate strabismus classification?\",\"answer\":\"A case-based reasoning algorithm with a case-based reasoning approach is developed to automate the strabismus classification task from image inputs.\"},{\"question\":\"What outcomes demonstrate the system’s effectiveness?\",\"answer\":\"The reported results include accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The system shows better performance for classifying strabismus types compared with the baseline described in the study.\"}]","An Automated Strabismus Classification Using Machine Learning Algorithm for Binocular Vision Management System - IEEE ICSECS 2023 论文摘要 | PDF"]