[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-128500-en":3,"doc-seo-128500-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},128500,687207017582,"Himbo","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d",8,"Research & Report","An Ambidextrous Perspective on Machine Learning Development and Operation - The Nexus of Organizational Structure, Tensions, and Tactics - Completed Research Paper","Organizations across industries are increasingly developing and operating machine learning (ML) systems to improve effectiveness and efficiency, yet ML development and operations remain difficult because ML work practices diverge from established business processes. Conflicting demands also create organizational tension due to limited resources for building and running ML systems. The study examines how organizational structure, tensions, and tactics interact using expert interviews grounded in computational grounded theory. Results identify four key tensions with associated tactics and show a move from centralized and decentralized structures toward hybrid models.","Association for Information Systems  \nAIS Electronic Library (AISeL)  \n\n| PACIS 2023 Proceedings | Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS) |\n| --- | --- |\n| 7-8-2023\u003Cbr>An Ambidextrous Perspective on Machine Learning Development and Operation: The Nexus of Organizational Structure, Tensions, and Tactics\u003Cbr>Oliver A. Vetter\u003Cbr>Technical University of Darmstadt, [oliver.vetter@tu-darmstadt.de](oliver.vetter@tu-darmstadt.de)\u003Cbr>Luisa Pumplun\u003Cbr>Technische Universität Darmstadt, [pumplun@is.tu-darmstadt.de](pumplun@is.tu-darmstadt.de)\u003Cbr>Timo Koppe\u003Cbr>Technical University of Darmstadt, [timo.koppe@tu-darmstadt.de](timo.koppe@tu-darmstadt.de)\u003Cbr>Follow this and additional works at: [https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2023](https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2023) |  |\n\nRecommended Citation  \nVetter, Oliver A.; Pumplun, Luisa; and Koppe, Timo, \"An Ambidextrous Perspective on Machine Learning Development and Operation: The Nexus of Organizational Structure, Tensions, and Tactics\" (2023) . PACIS 2023 Proceedings. 40.  \n[https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2023/40](https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2023/40)  \nThis material is brought to you by the Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS) at AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) . It has been accepted for inclusion in PACIS 2023 Proceedings by an authorized administrator of AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) . For more information, please [contact](contact elibrary@aisnet.org)[ elibrary@aisnet.org](contact elibrary@aisnet.org).  \nAn Ambidextrous Perspective on Machine Learning Development and Operation: The Nexus of Organizational Structure, Tensions,  \nand Tactics  \nCompleted Research Paper  \nOliver A. Vetter  \nTechnical University of Darmstadt Hochschulstr. 1, 64289 Darmstadt [oliver.vetter@tu-darmstadt.de](oliver.vetter@tu-darmstadt.de)  \nLuisa Pumplun  \nTechnical University of Darmstadt Hochschulstr. 1, 64289 Darmstadt [luisa.pumplun@tu-darmstadt.de](luisa.pumplun@tu-darmstadt.de)  \nTimo Koppe  \nTechnical University of Darmstadt  \nHochschulstr. 1, 64289 Darmstadt  \n[timo.koppe@tu-darmstadt.de](timo.koppe@tu-darmstadt.de)  \nAbstract  \nOrganizations from all industries have recently begun to develop and operate machine learning (ML) systems. While ML promises to improve an organization's effectiveness and efficiency, developing and operating ML systems remains challenging as these systems differ significantly from traditional software and require novel work practices that run counter to existing business processes. These conflicting demands create tension in the organization as resources to develop and operate ML systems are limited.  \nOrganizations thus seek to leverage scarce resources by employing a range of organizational structures and tailored tactics. To explore the interplay of organizational structures, tensions, and tactics, we conducted an explorative expert interview study informed by computational grounded theory methodology. We took an ambidextrous perspective to identify four central tensions and associated tactics employed within given organizational structures. Further, we found that organizations are moving from centralized and decentralized structures to hybrid ones to enable effective ML development and operation.  \nKeywords: Machine learning, organizational structure, ambidexterity  \nIntroduction  \nMachine learning (ML) has been on the rise in recent years and has become a buzzword in almost every industry. By automatically monitoring machine systems, detecting cyber-attacks, or intelligently handling customer inquiries, among other things, it promises to make organizations more effective, efficient, and potentially provide them with a competitive edge (Brynjolfsson and Mcafee, 2017) . As a result, many organizations feel pressured to develop and subsequently operate systems that are based on ML (e.g., Baieret al., 2019; Pumplun et al., 2019) . At the heart of such ML systems are applicable models that are trained based on incoming data and learning algorithms (Mitc","cbCaik32HHbIlTX6","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaik32HHbIlTX6","pdf",341014,2,1,18,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Challenges of ML Development and Operations\n## Tensions Between Exploration and Exploitation\n# Ambidextrous Lens and Research Approach\n## Expert Interview Study and Grounded Theory Methodology\n# Findings\n## Four Central Tensions and Associated Tactics\n## Organizational Structure Shift Toward Hybrid Models","[{\"question\":\"Why do organizations face tension when developing and operating ML systems?\",\"answer\":\"ML development and operations require work practices that differ from conventional business processes, while resources for ML are limited. These conflicting demands create tensions in allocating effort across development and operations.\"},{\"question\":\"What research method was used to study the relationship between structure, tensions, and tactics?\",\"answer\":\"The study used an explorative expert interview approach informed by a computational grounded theory methodology.\"},{\"question\":\"How do organizations structure themselves to support effective ML development and operation?\",\"answer\":\"Organizations increasingly move from purely centralized or decentralized structures toward hybrid structures to better enable both development and operation.\"}]","An Ambidextrous Perspective on Machine Learning Development and Operation - The Nexus of Organizational Structure, Tensions, and Tactics - Completed Research Paper | PDF",1786001400,45,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":29},"an-ambidextrous-perspective-on-machine-learning-development-and-operation-the-nexus-of-organizational-structure-tensions-and-tactics-completed-research-paper","",{"@graph":37,"@context":86},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,48,51],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/an-ambidextrous-perspective-on-machine-learning-development-and-operation-the-nexus-of-organizational-structure-tensions-and-tactics-completed-research-paper/128500/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-24","2026-08-06",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"Why do organizations face tension when developing and operating ML systems?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"ML development and operations require work practices that differ from conventional business processes, while resources for ML are limited. These conflicting demands create tensions in allocating effort across development and operations.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What research method was used to study the relationship between structure, tensions, and tactics?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"The study used an explorative expert interview approach informed by a computational grounded theory methodology.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"How do organizations structure themselves to support effective ML development and operation?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Organizations increasingly move from purely centralized or decentralized structures toward hybrid structures to better enable both development and operation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,116,121,124,129,132,136],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},30,"research-report",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]