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The focus section on science and technology reviews annual reports and major funding directions, emphasizing total war urgency, research in natural sciences, and the role of private foundations. It summarizes allocations supporting education and health hazards related to nuclear radiation, including grants to universities, and outlines priorities spanning nuclear public health, advanced research tools, and analysis of economic, legal, and political nuclear-age 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information with them on a continuing basis to identify basic research needs.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What kinds of funding and programs does the issue highlight regarding nuclear radiation?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"It describes allocations for education and related health hazards of nuclear radiation, including multi-university support over a ten-year period, along with initiatives bridging public health and engineering, physics, and chemistry 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INFORMATION SERVICE\n\nDecember 15,1957  \n## FOUNDATION GRANTS AND ACTIVITIES\n\nSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  \nThe annual report of the Carnegie Institution of Wash-ington,released this month by its president,emphasizesthat there can no longer be doubt that the challengeconfronting this country is as urgent as it was in 1941—total war.But it emphasizes that the weapons in thiswar will be total stamina and intellectual tone andcapability.Ultimate victory and peace,it continues,will be won and maintained in large measure throughthe life of the mind,and national appreciation and re-spect for intellectual values should be accorded a highplace in society,with special attention to the field ofresearch in the natural sciences.  \nfor the Government to undertake directly.Beingrelatively free of political and public pressure andless complex than the Government,they have stim-ulated unique experimentation and inquiry.  \nIt is neither appropriate nor desirable that theGovernment try to deflect the private foundationsfrom their avowed interests and approaches.ButFederal agencies supporting scientific researchshould exchange information with these organiza-tions on a continuing basis.The objective is to dis-cover and emphasize fields where basic research isparticularly needed.  \nYear Book 56 of the Institution contains detailed ac-counts of current research in its various departments,ranging from the nature of the universe to the mecha-nisms of heredity,from problems of geology and geo-chemistry to those of the development of an embryo,from the mode by which green plants trap sunlight tomanufacture sugar to the structures and properties ofvarious minerals.  \nThe Rockefeller Foundation states that for the presentthere are three main directions in which its resourcesmight usefully be applied,taking into account the verylarge sums available from government and industry:first,the public health of nuclear energy,broadly con-ceived;second,use of tools of greater power and preci-sion,including radiation techniques,for the furtherstudy of the structure and functioning of plant and ani-mal life;third,study,on a selective basis,which willdelve into the economic,legal,and political problems ofthe nuclear age,with special attention to the increasinglycomplex issues of international relations with whichnuclear energy is now inexorably bound.  \nThe National Science Foundation's report to the Presi-dent contained the following passage with respect toprivate foundations:  \nThe large private foundations spent some two-thirds of their 1953 funds for science on basicresearch (nearly $17 million),a lower proportionthan was spent in 1939.The shift away from basicresearch reflects foundation efforts to aid in thestudy of pressing public problems.  \nFor the first of these fields the Foundation has alreadyappropriated $1.5 million.Concerned over possibly dan-gerous additions to natural radiation through nuclearwar,sustained large-scale testing,inadequate disposal ofwastes,increased radioactive therapy,and the handlingof increasing quantities of radioactive materials withoutproper protection,it has allocated amounts of $500,000each over a ten-year period for Harvard and JohnsHopkins Universities and the University of Pittsburgh tofurther education in health hazards of nuclear radiation.  \nThe shift is influenced by current Federal emphasison applied research in the interests of nationalsecurity,health,agriculture,and resource develop-ment.The foundations have also entered theseareas,especially by encouraging or conducting re-search and other activities which are not feasible  \nAMERICAN FOUNDATIONS NEWS  \nformerly  \nAmerican Foundations News ServiceThe Periodical Covering Principal Developmentsin the Foundation Field.SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:$18.00Raymond T.RichEditorAlice M.FairAssistant Editor  \nPUBLISHED IN VOLUMES OF TEN ISSUES EACH BYAMERICAN FOUNDATIONS INFORMATION SERVICE527 MADISON AVEN","cbCaihWH1zV25yww","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihWH1zV25yww","pdf",974571,"English","# FOUNDATION GRANTS AND ACTIVITIES\n## SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY","[{\"question\":\"What does the December 15, 1957 issue emphasize under science and technology?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes urgency similar to 1941, the importance of total stamina and intellectual capability, and the need for research in the natural sciences, with special attention to the life of the mind.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the issue describe the role of private foundations in supporting scientific research?\",\"answer\":\"It states that private foundations should pursue their avowed interests and approaches, while government agencies supporting scientific research should exchange information with them on a continuing basis to identify basic research needs.\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of funding and programs does the issue highlight regarding nuclear radiation?\",\"answer\":\"It describes allocations for education and related health hazards of nuclear radiation, including multi-university support over a ten-year period, along with initiatives bridging public health and engineering, physics, and chemistry expertise.\"}]","American Foundations News - FOUNDATION GRANTS AND ACTIVITIES - Science and Technology | PDF",1789967348]