[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-117788-en":3,"doc-seo-117788-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},117788,687197100911,"Himbo","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1785132997149421697",8,"Research & Report","Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis using Machine Learning - A Review","Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that progressively damages brain cells, leading to memory loss and shrinking brain tissue (atrophy). Accurate diagnosis relies on advanced approaches such as machine learning, which has gained strong attention in the medical field. Using deep learning and reinforcement learning studies published between 2008 and 2023, the analysis reviews sixty relevant papers based on AD biomarkers and ML techniques, showing deep learning’s strong feature extraction and classification accuracy while highlighting limited reinforcement learning use for image processing and the need to explore deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for dementia detection.","Review Article  \nAlzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis using Machine  \nLearning: A Review  \nNair Bini Balakrishnan1, P.S. Sreeja2, Jisha Jose Panackal3  \n1,2Department of Computer Science, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India.  \n3Department of Computer Science, Sacred Heart College, Kerala, India.  \n[1](1 Corresponding Author : biniremesh@gmail.com)[ Corresponding Author : biniremesh@gmail.com](1 Corresponding Author : biniremesh@gmail.com)  \nReceived: 25 November 2022 Revised: 11 March 2023 Accepted: 17 March 2023 Published: 25 March 2023  \nAbstract-Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is an acute neuro disease that degenerates the brain cells and thus leads to memory loss progressively. It is a fatal brain disease that mostly affects the elderly. It steers the decline of cognitive and biological functions of the brain and shrinks the brain successively, which in turn is known as Atrophy. For an accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, cutting-edge methods like machine learning are essential. Recently, machine learning has gained a lot of attention and popularity in the medical industry. As the illness progresses, those with Alzheimer's have afar more difficult time doing even the most basic tasks, and in the worst case, their brain completely stops functioning. A person's likelihood of having early-stage Alzheimer's disease may be determined using the ML method. In this analysis, papers on Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis based on deep learning techniques and reinforcement learning between 2008 and 2023 found in google scholar were studied—sixty relevant papers obtained after the search was considered for this study. These papers were analysed based on the biomarkers of AD and the machine-learning techniques used. The analysis shows that deep learning methods have an immense ability to extract features and classify AD with good accuracy. The DRL methods have not been used much in the field of image processing. The comparison results of deep learning and reinforcement learning illustrate that the scope of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) in dementia detection needs to be explored.  \nKeywords -Alzheimer’s Disease, Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Network, Recurrent Neural Network, Deep Neural Network.  \n1. Introduction  \nAmong many types of Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common, which could cause serious damage to memory. AD is prevaded by localized brain atrophies. It deteriorates the key biological functions of neurons, such as communication, metabolism, repair, re-modelling, and regeneration. According to the latest studies, an estimated 6.2 million Americans aged 65 and older will be diagnosed with AD in 2021.[1] The cognitive abilities affected by AD include thinking, reasoning, and remembering. The preambulatory phase of AD is Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), which leads to cumulative memory loss and poor behavioural issues. According to the report in [2], about 15-20% of older persons (aged 65 or above) have MCI and 30-40% of them develop AD within 5-6 years. In most cases, the time period for this conversion is found to be 18 months, though it may vary from 6 to 36 months. AD is 6 percent more commonly found in females than males over the age of 65. [43] A conclusive diagnosis of AD can only be done with the tissue pathology of Beta-Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary entangle during autopsy. The plaques are developed between the brain's neurons by collecting Beta-Amyloid protein, which disrupts neuron functions. On the other hand, the neurofibrillary  \nentangles are abnormal accumulations ofa protein called Tau. It is obvious that some benchmark other than the autopsy is required to confirm AD. In 2011, the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association divided the biomarkers into two categories: (1) the biomarkers based on PET imaging and (2) the biomarkers based on Cerebrospinal Fluid as well as MRI.[3] The criteria for AD are being updated every 3 – 4 years so that new knowledge","cbCaidNGMyLSfAUa","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidNGMyLSfAUa","pdf",437213,1,10,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Signs and symptoms\n### Early Stage","[{\"question\":\"Why is early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease important?\",\"answer\":\"Early diagnosis helps slow the progression of AD symptoms and supports detecting the conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to AD, rather than only classifying established AD cases.\"},{\"question\":\"Which biomarkers are discussed for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease?\",\"answer\":\"The text describes biomarkers grouped into PET imaging-based biomarkers and biomarkers based on cerebrospinal fluid, as well as MRI. It also notes tissue pathology evidence from beta-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles.\"},{\"question\":\"How do deep learning and reinforcement learning approaches compare for AD diagnosis?\",\"answer\":\"The analysis indicates deep learning can extract features effectively and classify AD with good accuracy. Reinforcement learning methods are reported as less used in image processing, suggesting DRL for dementia detection requires further exploration.\"}]","Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis using Machine Learning - A Review | PDF",1785679561,25,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"alzheimers-disease-diagnosis-using-machine-learning-a-review","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/alzheimers-disease-diagnosis-using-machine-learning-a-review/117788/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-02",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why is early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease important?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Early diagnosis helps slow the progression of AD symptoms and supports detecting the conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to AD, rather than only classifying established AD cases.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Which biomarkers are discussed for diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The text describes biomarkers grouped into PET imaging-based biomarkers and biomarkers based on cerebrospinal fluid, as well as MRI. It also notes tissue pathology evidence from beta-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How do deep learning and reinforcement learning approaches compare for AD diagnosis?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The analysis indicates deep learning can extract features effectively and classify AD with good accuracy. Reinforcement learning methods are reported as less used in image processing, suggesting DRL for dementia detection requires further exploration.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":133},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]