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This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes cohort-study evidence on all-cause and cause-specific mortality to identify high-risk COPD subgroups and inform precision management. Searches covered PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library through April 10, 2025, with independent study screening, extraction, and quality assessment. COPD patients showed higher all-cause mortality than non-COPD individuals, with risks increasing by severity and being amplified by smoking, respiratory comorbidities, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, particularly lung cancer.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/all-cause-and-cause-specific-mortality-in-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/420416/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/all-cause-and-cause-specific-mortality-in-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis/420416.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"mieayamfan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the main aim of the systematic review and meta-analysis?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"To synthesize evidence on all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks in people with COPD, identify high-risk subgroups, and support targeted intervention strategies.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How much higher is all-cause mortality in COPD compared with non-COPD individuals?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"COPD patients have significantly higher all-cause mortality versus non-COPD individuals (HR 1.80; 95% CI 1.40–2.30).",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which factors are identified as determinants of COPD-attributable mortality risk?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Smoking and comorbidities, especially coexisting respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer (particularly lung cancer).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},420416,1790719262,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},962090893677,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease  \nOpen Access Full Text Article REVIEW  \nAll-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis  \nGuixiang Zhao 1 , 2 , Lu Wang 1–3 , Siyuan Lei 1–3 , Ya Li 1 , 2 , Jiansheng Li 1–3 , Zhenzhen Feng 1–3  \n1Department of Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China; 2The First Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China; 3Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases Co-Constructed by Henan Province & Education Ministry of P.R. China/Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Diseases, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China  \nCorrespondence: Zhenzhen Feng, Department of Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450003, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-861-14981659, Email [huxifzz@163.com](huxifzz@163.com)  \n\n| Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global cause of death, imposing substantial socioeconomic and healthcare burdens. This meta-analysis synthesizes evidence on all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks in COPD populations to identify high-risk subgroups and guide precision management strategies.\u003Cbr>Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for cohort studies reporting death risks in COPD from database inception to April 10, 2025. Study screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were independently performed by two investigators. Meta-analyses pooled risks for all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Sensitivity analyses tested robustness; publication bias was assessed via funnel plots and Egger’s test.\u003Cbr>Results: Twenty-seven studies covering 286,314 showed COPD patients had significantly higher all-cause mortality versus nonCOPD individuals (HR, 1.80; 95% CI: 1.40–2.30) . Mortality risk exhibited a graded increase with COPD severity compared to nonCOPD individuals: mild (HR, 1.32; 95% CI: 1.19–1.47), moderate (HR, 1.62; 95% CI: 1.45–1.81), severe (HR, 2.18; 95% CI: 1.59–2.99), and very severe (HR, 2.94; 95% CI: 1.78–4.85). When stratified by smoking status, COPD patients had consistently higher mortality than their non-COPD counterparts within each subgroup: never-smokers (HR, 1.41; 95% CI: 1.27–1.56), former smokers (HR, 1.37; 95% CI: 1.30–1.45), and current smokers (HR, 1.48; 95% CI: 1.25–1.76) . The presence of comorbidities further amplified mortality risks in COPD patients versus non-COPD individuals, particularly in those with respiratory diseases (HR, 3.64; 95% CI: 3.10–4.27), cardiovascular diseases (HR, 1.29; 95% CI: 1.10–1.50), and all-cancers (HR, 1.69; 95% CI: 1.37–2.10), especially lung cancer (HR, 2.57; 95% CI: 2.04–3.24) .\u003Cbr>Conclusion: COPD patients have significantly higher death risks than non-COPD individuals, worsening with disease severity. Independent determinants of COPD-attributable mortality risk comprise smoking, coexisting respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer (particularly lung cancer) . These findings provide an evidence-based foundation for developing targeted intervention strategies to mitigate COPD-related mortality.\u003Cbr>Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mortality risk, systematic review, meta-analysis |\n| --- |\n| Introduction\u003Cbr>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major contributor to global mortality, with death tolls rising from 2.2 million (6th leading cause) in 1990 to 3.5 million (4th) in 2021.1–3 Global Burden of Disease projections indicate COPD will become the third leading cause of death by 2050,4 annual COPD deaths may exceed 7 million by 2060—surpassing combined diabetes and asthma mortality.5 This trajectory impedes progress","cbCaicE9xJLAtOKt","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicE9xJLAtOKt","pdf",4048716,18,"English","# Background\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is the main aim of the systematic review and meta-analysis?\",\"answer\":\"To synthesize evidence on all-cause and cause-specific mortality risks in people with COPD, identify high-risk subgroups, and support targeted intervention strategies.\"},{\"question\":\"How much higher is all-cause mortality in COPD compared with non-COPD individuals?\",\"answer\":\"COPD patients have significantly higher all-cause mortality versus non-COPD individuals (HR 1.80; 95% CI 1.40–2.30).\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors are identified as determinants of COPD-attributable mortality risk?\",\"answer\":\"Smoking and comorbidities, especially coexisting respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer (particularly lung cancer).\"}]","All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | PDF",1790620902,45]