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The goal is to characterize “off-label” endothelial expression of the cancer stem cell (CSC) biomarker ALDH1/2 adjacent to potentially malignant and malignant lesions. Immunohistochemistry is applied to paraffin-embedded samples with statistical comparisons to normal mucosa.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/aldehyde-dehydrogenase-an-off-label-marker-of-endothelial-activation-in-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma/377083/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/aldehyde-dehydrogenase-an-off-label-marker-of-endothelial-activation-in-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma/377083.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Fahsai","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of the study regarding ALDH1/2?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To illustrate the “off-label” endothelial expression of the CSC biomarker ALDH1/2 adjacent to oral potentially malignant and malignant lesions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was ALDH1/2 expression measured?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Expression of the CSC protein-biomarker ALDH1/2 was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on paraffin-embedded samples.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What was observed about ALDH1/2 in OSCC versus OL vessels?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"ALDH1/2 was not expressed in oral mucosal vessels but was expressed significantly more in OSCC vessels than in OL vessels.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},377083,1790647106,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},549768702563,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000c4aa63b76e948b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786536092046926083","Open Access Original  \nArticle DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41596  \nReview began 06/26/2023  \nReview ended 07/05/2023  \nPublished 07/09/2023  \n© Copyright 2023  \nAndreadis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CCBY 4.0. , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited.  \nAldehyde Dehydrogenase: An Off-Label Marker of Endothelial Activation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma  \nDimitrios Andreadis 1 , Vasileios Zisis 1 , Pinelopi Anastasiadou 2 , Lefteris Anagnostou 1 , Konstantinos Paraskevopoulos 3 , Athanasios Poulopoulos 1  \n1. Oral Medicine/Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC 2. Oral Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC 3. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, General Hospital of Thessaloniki\"George Papanikolaou \", Thessaloniki, GRC  \nCorresponding author: Vasileios Zisis, [zisisdent@gmail.com](zisisdent@gmail.com)  \nAbstract  \nIntroduction: The vascular endothelial (VE) expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 1/2 family in oral leukoplakia (OL) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cases has not been studied so far. The aim of this study was to illustrate the “off-label” endothelial expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) biomarker, ALDH1/2, adjacent to oral potentially malignant and malignant lesions in order to shed some light on the mechanisms leading to oral carcinogenesis.  \nMaterials and methods: The expression of CSC protein-biomarker ALDH1/2 was detected through immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 30 paraffin-embedded samples of OL and 21 samples of OSCC compared to five samples of normal oral mucosa. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS, Pearson Chi-square, and Fischer’s exact test. The significance level was set at 0.05 (p≤ 0 .05) .  \nResults: In oral mucosal vessels, ALDH1/2 was not expressed. It was expressed significantly more in the vessels of OSCCs compared to the OLs (Fisher’s exact test, p-value= 0,001) . However, when endothelial expression of ALDH1/2 in the vasculature of OLs was compared with that of the normal oral mucosa, no significant change was noticed (Fisher’s exact test, p-value=1 .000) .  \nDiscussion: The IHC VE expression of ALDH1/2 in OSCC vasculature but not in OL indicates a possible significantly stronger activation of endothelial cells during carcinogenesis, which could be an indicator of the role of inflammation in the development of field cancerization and of prognostic value for (vascular/lymphatic) metastasis.  \nCategories: Pathology, Oncology, Oral Medicine  \nKeywords: vascular endothelial cells, cancer stem cell biomarker, oral leukoplakia, aldehyde dehydrogenase, oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, cancer stem cells  \nIntroduction  \nThe term “oral potentially malignant disorder \" (OPMD) is attributed to oral mucosal disorders/lesions that exhibit an increased risk for malignant transformation compared to healthy mucosa [1] . The most common OPMD is oral leukoplakia (OL) [2] . Malignant conversion of OL results in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), arising from cells of the stratified squamous epithelium. Its biological behavior and other clinical and microscopic/molecular parameters affect therapeutic procedures and prognosis [3] .  \nOral carcinogenesis, according to the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory, is caused by a particular population of CSCs. CSCs are at the top of the cancer cell hierarchy [4] . CSC biomarkers are used to detect subpopulations of cancer cells with “stemness”(characteristics of stem cells) and are subdivided into markers of embryonic stem cells and markers showing the presence of stem cell traits in certain cells (stemness) . Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes and function as stemness markers [5] . There is expression of ALDH in vascular endothelial (VE) cells in the tumor blood vessels of in vivo mou","cbCaitGQc51VBV51","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitGQc51VBV51","pdf",568521,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods\n# How to cite this article\n# Results\n# Discussion","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the study regarding ALDH1/2?\",\"answer\":\"To illustrate the “off-label” endothelial expression of the CSC biomarker ALDH1/2 adjacent to oral potentially malignant and malignant lesions.\"},{\"question\":\"How was ALDH1/2 expression measured?\",\"answer\":\"Expression of the CSC protein-biomarker ALDH1/2 was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on paraffin-embedded samples.\"},{\"question\":\"What was observed about ALDH1/2 in OSCC versus OL vessels?\",\"answer\":\"ALDH1/2 was not expressed in oral mucosal vessels but was expressed significantly more in OSCC vessels than in OL vessels.\"}]","Aldehyde Dehydrogenase - An Off-Label Marker of Endothelial Activation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma | PDF",1790223098,18]