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This narrative review synthesizes current literature on pathway-level effects, emphasizing modulation of estrogen signaling, reactive oxygen species generation, acetaldehyde production, chronic inflammation, epigenetic alterations, and alcohol-induced DNA damage, mutagenesis, and immune 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cancers are most strongly linked to alcohol consumption in this review?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The review highlights an increased risk of several cancers, with particular emphasis on breast and ovarian cancer.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Which molecular mechanisms are discussed as possible drivers of alcohol-related tumor development?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Key mechanisms include modulation of estrogen levels, generation of reactive oxygen species, production of acetaldehyde, promotion of chronic inflammation, induction of epigenetic changes, and alcohol-related DNA damage and mutagenesis.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How does the review position alcohol as a risk factor for breast and ovarian cancer?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"It frames alcohol as a modifiable risk factor for both breast and ovarian cancer, while stressing that further research is needed to clarify alcohol’s precise role in cancer 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Molecular Pathways and Mechanisms  \nFrancesca Fanfarillo 1, Brunella Caronti 1, Marco Lucarelli 1, Silvia Francati 1, Luigi Tarani 2, Mauro Ceccanti 3, Maria Grazia Piccioni 2, Loredana Verdone 4, Micaela Caserta 4, Sabrina Venditti 5, Giampiero Ferraguti 1,† and Marco Fiore 6, *,†  \nCitation: Fanfarillo, F.; Caronti, B.; Lucarelli, M.; Francati, S.; Tarani, L.; Ceccanti, M.; Piccioni, M.G.; Verdone, L.; Caserta, M.; Venditti, S.; et al. Alcohol Consumption and Breast and Ovarian Cancer Development:  \nMolecular Pathways and Mechanisms. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46, 866 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)cimb46120866  \nAcademic Editors: Madhav Bhatia and Stergios Boussios  \nReceived: 20 November 2024  \nRevised: 16 December 2024  \nAccepted: 19 December 2024  \nPublished: 20 December 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; [marco.lucarelli@uniroma1.it](marco.lucarelli@uniroma1.it) (M.L.)  \n2 Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy  \n3 SITAC, Società Italiana per il Trattamento dell’Alcolismo e le sue Complicanze, 00185 Rome, Italy  \n4 Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM-CNR), 00161 Rome, Italy  \n5 Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome,  \n00161 Rome, Italy  \n6 Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC-CNR), Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy  \n* [Correspondence: marco.fiore@cnr.it](Correspondence: marco.fiore@cnr.it)  \n† These authors contributed equally contributed to this work as the last authors.  \nAbstract: Alcohol consumption has been consistently linked to an increased risk of several cancers, including breast and ovarian cancer. Despite substantial evidence supporting this association, the precise mechanisms underlying alcohol’s contribution to cancer pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. This narrative review focuses on the key current literature on the biological pathways through which alcohol may influence the development of breast and ovarian cancer. Key mechanisms discussed include the modulation of estrogen levels, the generation of reactive oxygen species, the production of acetaldehyde, the promotion of chronic inflammation, and the induction of epigenetic changes. Alcohol’s impact on estrogenic signaling, particularly in the regulation of estrogen and progesterone, is explored in the context of hormone-dependent cancers. Additionally, the role of alcohol-induced DNA damage, mutagenesis, and immune system modulation in tumor initiation and progression is examined. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of alcohol as a modifiable risk factor for breast and ovarian cancer and highlights the need for further research to clarify its role in cancer biology.  \nKeywords: alcohol; cancer; breast; ovaries; DNA; oxidative stress; inflammation  \n1. Introduction  \nAlcohol consumption has been linked to several types of cancers in humans [1–4] . Alcohol consumption is prevalent worldwide, with varying patterns of use across different regions and cultures. The data on global alcohol consumption in 2019 shows that an estimated 400 million people aged 15 years and older live with alcohol use disorders, and an estimated 209 million live with alcohol dependence [5] . Alcohol abuse—defined asthe harmful or hazardous use of alcohol leading to adverse health effects—is a significant public health concern [6–8] .  \nThe g","cbCail0MpKk7FCYo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCail0MpKk7FCYo","pdf",927483,14,"English","# Abstract\n# 1. Introduction\n## Alcohol abuse and global burden\n## Evidence linking alcohol to cancers\n## Focus on breast cancer\n## Emerging links to ovarian cancer","[{\"question\":\"What cancers are most strongly linked to alcohol consumption in this review?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights an increased risk of several cancers, with particular emphasis on breast and ovarian cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"Which molecular mechanisms are discussed as possible drivers of alcohol-related tumor development?\",\"answer\":\"Key mechanisms include modulation of estrogen levels, generation of reactive oxygen species, production of acetaldehyde, promotion of chronic inflammation, induction of epigenetic changes, and alcohol-related DNA damage and mutagenesis.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review position alcohol as a risk factor for breast and ovarian cancer?\",\"answer\":\"It frames alcohol as a modifiable risk factor for both breast and ovarian cancer, while stressing that further research is needed to clarify alcohol’s precise role in cancer biology.\"}]","Alcohol Consumption and Breast and Ovarian Cancer Development - Molecular Pathways and Mechanisms - Narrative Review | PDF",1790018036,35]