[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-205807-105":59,"doc-detail-205807-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","airborne-polarimetric-doppler-weather-radar-possible-beam-forming-architectures","Airborne Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar - Possible Beam Forming Architectures","","Airborne Phased Array Radar (APAR) with dual-polarimetric and dual-Doppler capability enables simultaneous estimation of microphysical properties and 3-D winds in precipitation, using AESA-based beam multiplexing for more accurate measurements in less time. The document surveys three beamformer architecture options—analog, hybrid, and digital—aligned with APAR requirements, and evaluates a notional 37-panel array configuration with quantified element power and assumed ATAR transmit/receive operation. It also highlights RFSoC as a key digital beamforming technology enabling high channel integration and reduced interface power.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/airborne-polarimetric-doppler-weather-radar-possible-beam-forming-architectures/205807/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/airborne-polarimetric-doppler-weather-radar-possible-beam-forming-architectures/205807.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Paura","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-05",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What capabilities does APAR provide for weather observations?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"APAR enables concurrent estimates of microphysical properties (e.g., precipitation types and sizes) and 3-D wind estimates in precipitation. It leverages dual-polarimetric and dual-Doppler operation along with AESA beam multiplexing to improve measurement accuracy within less time.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which beamforming architecture types are considered for APAR?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The document considers three architecture types for phased array beamformers: analog, hybrid (analog plus digital), and digital. These are examined in relation to APAR requirements.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Why is RFSoC highlighted as enabling technology for digital beamforming?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"RFSoC integrates ADCs, DACs, and FPGA/SoC processing on a single device, reducing the number of interfaces needed in traditional multi-channel systems. This supports element-level digital architectures by lowering footprint and power consumption while enabling frontend processing and beamforming.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},205807,1788583991,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":8,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":81,"preview_page_count":4},13056712833777,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Airborne Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar: Possible Beam Forming Architectures  \nJothiram Vivekanandan, Eric Loew, Adam Karboski and Bernard Hwang  \nEarth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301  \n[vivek@ucar.edu](vivek@ucar.edu)  \nIntroduction  \nThe Airborne Phased Array Radar (APAR) with dual-polarimetric and dual-Doppler capability enables concurrent estimates of microphysical properties (e.g., precipitation types and sizes, quantitative precipitation estimation) and 3-D winds in precipitation (Vivekanandan [et. al. 2014](et. al. 2014)). At present, no other airborne instrument has the potential to estimate 3-D winds and microphysics concurrently. The APAR will capitalize on Active Electronic Scanning Array (AESA) technology to incorporate beam multiplexing (BMX) mode of operation which is capable of collecting the desired number of samples, allowing more accurate radar measurements, in less time than a continuous sampling mode (Vivekanandan et al., 2018).  \nPhased array radar beamformers could be distinctly configured in three types of architecture: (i) analog, (ii) hybrid, i.e., a combination of analog and digital, and (iii) digital (Herd and Conway, 2016). These architectures, as they relate to the APAR requirements, are explored.  \nA notional phased array radar (PAR) of 37 panels of 8 X 8 element, line replace units (LRU) was considered for this study. A total of 2368 elements, each producing 4W peak power over a 7.5% duty cycle, and arranged in an alternating transmit, alternating receive (ATAR) architecture was assumed. Power consumption estimates were based on measured data from a 64 element LRU technology demonstrator prototype.  \n\n| 1. What is APAR?\u003Cbr>Notional drawing of APAR AESA antenna panel placement on the C130 . There are two side panels on port and starboard of the fuselage aft of the rear personnel doors .\u003Cbr>|  |\n| --- | --- |\n| APAR is a modular, dual-polarized, twodimensional (2-D) electronically scanned C-band airborne phased array radar . It is currently in early development by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) . APAR will be capable of retrieving dynamic and microphysical characteristics of clouds and precipitation . The design of the NCARAPAR envisions it being flown on the National Science Foundation (NSF) NCARC-130, operated by NCAR on behalf of NSF. The AESA is constrained within 70”diameter of C-130 fuselage as shown in the above figure . There is the potential for APAR to be flown on other C-130 aircraft (e.g. U.S. Hurricane Hunters and similar international research aircraft) for hurricane reconnaissance and monitoring high impact weather . APAR is intended to replace NCAR’s ELDORA/ASTRAIA (Electra Doppler Radar/Analyese Steroscopic par Impulsions Aeroport) . | Parameter Numeric value Operating Frequency C-band: 5.35-5.45 GHz Antenna Aperture\u003Cbr>(maximum) Fit within 70” diameter circle Maximum panel thickness \u003C= 9 inches Maximum weight for each AESA \u003C= 450 pounds -3dB Beamwidth \u003C 2.2⁰ (broadside on Tx) Sensitivity -11 dBZ at 10 km with 0 dB SNR Reflectivity Variance \u003C1 dB Doppler Velocity Variance \u003C 1 m/s Produce full polarimetric matrix Z, V, W, Z DR, LDR, φDP, ρ HV Calibrated Z DR for particle shape and QPE Z DR \u003C= 0.2 dB Differentiate liquid and ice LDR \u003C -22 dB Differentiate melting LDR \u003C -27 dB Polarization Tx and Rx H or V linear\u003Cbr>Table 1 Technical Specification of APAR |\n\n\n| 2. Digital Beamformer Enabling Technology – RFSoC |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| The Radio-Frequency System on Chip (RFSoC) is a disruptive technology which integrates Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) and Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) together with processing resources such as Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) fabric, on a single integrated circuit (Fagan et al., 2018) .\u003Cbr>In a traditional system, digitizing a large number of channels requires an equally large number of interfaces between the processing chips and the ADC/DAC chips. The power consumpt","cbCaiddo65FAbGUx","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiddo65FAbGUx","pdf",2036299,"English","# Introduction\n# What is APAR?\n# Digital Beamformer Enabling Technology – RFSoC\n# Beamforming Architectures\n## Analog Architecture\n## Hybrid Architecture\n## Table 2. Comparison of APAR beamforming architectures","[{\"question\":\"What capabilities does APAR provide for weather observations?\",\"answer\":\"APAR enables concurrent estimates of microphysical properties (e.g., precipitation types and sizes) and 3-D wind estimates in precipitation. It leverages dual-polarimetric and dual-Doppler operation along with AESA beam multiplexing to improve measurement accuracy within less time.\"},{\"question\":\"Which beamforming architecture types are considered for APAR?\",\"answer\":\"The document considers three architecture types for phased array beamformers: analog, hybrid (analog plus digital), and digital. These are examined in relation to APAR requirements.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is RFSoC highlighted as enabling technology for digital beamforming?\",\"answer\":\"RFSoC integrates ADCs, DACs, and FPGA/SoC processing on a single device, reducing the number of interfaces needed in traditional multi-channel systems. This supports element-level digital architectures by lowering footprint and power consumption while enabling frontend processing and beamforming.\"}]","Airborne Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar - Possible Beam Forming Architectures | PDF"]