[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-84691-en":3,"doc-seo-84691-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},84691,4398048949847,"Eliana","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002536579ef2da7f?_k=1778318612642679267",8,"Research & Report","AI Systems as Digital Public Goods Evidence and Recommendations from a Multi-Stakeholder Assessment","AI Systems as Digital Public Goods: Evidence and Recommendations from a Multi-Stakeholder Assessment examines how artificial intelligence systems can be structured and assessed as digital public goods. The report synthesizes stakeholder perspectives on defining AI as DPGs, discusses openness and licensing frameworks, and evaluates both benefits (unlocking value) and risks (qualifying, measuring public value and socio-technical harms). It then proposes governance approaches across the AI lifecycle and delivers strategic recommendations and standards for adoption and accountability.","United Nations University  \nInstitute in Macau [www.unu.edu](www.unu.edu)  \nUNU RESEARCH REPORT  \nAI Systems as Digital Public Goods  \nEVIDENCE AND RECOMMENDATIONS  \nFROM A MULTI-STAKEHOLDER ASSESSMENT  \nDisclaimer ~~ ~~  \nThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations University (UNU) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.  \nThe mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by UNU in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.  \nThe views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. The use of ADB’s name, logo, or emblem in connection with any adaptation, translation, or derivative work is not permitted without ADB’s prior written consent  \nPlease direct inquiries to: ~~ ~~  \nUnited Nations University Institute in Macau  \n[info_macau@unu.edu](info_macau@unu.edu)  \nNotes ~~ ~~  \nIn this publication, ADB recognizes “Macau” as Macau, China, and “China” as the People’s Republic of China.  \nSuggested citation: ~~ ~~  \nStinckwich, S., Wong, N., Nyamawe, A. S., Liu, J., Latif, F. & Stuart J., 2026. AI Systems as Digital Public Goods: Evidence and Recommendations from a Multi-Stakeholder Assessment. Research report. Macau, UNU.  \nLicence creative commons: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0  \nThis report is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY 3.0 IGO) .  \nContent under copyright to Asian Development Bank [2026] is used with permission.  \n© UNU, 2026  \n2 AI Systems as Digital Public Goods  \nTable of Contents ~~ ~~  \nTABLE OF CONTENTS 3 INHERENT TENSIONS 27  \nLIST OF FIGURES 5 DOES AIDPG REQUIRE ITS OWN SPECIFIC DEFINITION?  \n28  \nLIST OF TABLES 5  \n2.2 THE SPECTRUM OF OPENNESS 29  \nFOREWORD FROM ADB 6  \nFOREWORD FROM PROFESSOR TSHILIDZI MARWALA, RECTOR OF THE UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY AND UNDERSECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS 7  \nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8  \nABOUT THE AUTHORS 9  \nABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 11  \nGLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 12  \nEXECUTIVE SUMMARY 14  \nSECTION 1. INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL PUBLICS GOODS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS DIGITAL PUBLIC GOODS  \n15  \n1.1 BACKGROUND 15  \n1.2 CONCEPT OF DIGITAL PUBLIC GOODS 16  \nTHEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FROM CLASSICAL PUBLIC GOOD THEORY 16  \nFROM PHYSICAL TO DIGITAL COMMONS 17 OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE 18  \n1.3 CONSIDERING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS DIGITAL PUBLIC GOODS 19  \n1.4 FINDINGS FROM THE DIGITAL PUBLIC GOODS ALLIANCE’S COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS DIGITAL PUBLIC GOODS 19  \n1.5 RESEARCH GAPS ADDRESSED IN THIS REPORT 22  \n1.6 METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW 24  \nSECTION 2. DEFINING THE LANDSCAPE: SCOPE, OPENNESS, AND LICENSING 26  \n2.1 STAKEHOLDER VIEWS ON THE DEFINITION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS DIGITAL PUBLIC GOODS 26  \nESSENTIAL ATTRIBUTES OF AIDPGS: PRIORITIES AND  \nLITERATURE REVIEW ON OPENNESS IN AI 29  \nSTAKEHOLDER VIEWS ON THE SPECTRUM OF  \nOPENNESS 30  \nSTAKEHOLDER VIEWS ON PRACTICAL BARRIERS RELATED TO OPENNESS 31  \n2.3 LICENSING FRAMEWORKS 32  \n2.4 CONCLUSION 35  \nSECTION 3. ","cbCaihCHNiALqxw1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihCHNiALqxw1","pdf",3456390,2,1,66,"English","en",105,"# Executive Summary\n# Section 1. Introduction to Digital Publics Goods and Artificial Intelligence as Digital Public Goods\n## Background\n## Concept of Digital Public Goods\n## Considering Artificial Intelligence as Digital Public Goods\n## Research Gaps and Methodology\n# Section 2. Defining the Landscape: Scope, Openness, and Licensing\n## Stakeholder Views and Attributes\n## Licensing Frameworks\n# Section 3. Benefits and Risks of Artificial Intelligence as Digital Publics Goods\n## Unlocking Value\n## Navigating Risks\n# Section 4. Governance of AIDPGs\n## Governance Across the AI Lifecycle\n# Section 6. Strategic Recommendations for AIDPGs\n## Standard Recommendations\n## Accountability and Governance","[{\"question\":\"What does the report say about defining AI systems as digital public goods (AIDPGs)?\",\"answer\":\"It compiles stakeholder views on essential attributes, the spectrum of openness, and practical barriers tied to openness, aiming to clarify what qualifies as AIDPGs.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report balance the benefits and risks of AIDPGs?\",\"answer\":\"It outlines potential public value and value unlocking mechanisms, then addresses challenges in qualifying AIDPGs and assessing/measuring public value and risks in socio-technical AI systems.\"},{\"question\":\"What governance and accountability recommendations does the report provide?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes layered, multi-stakeholder governance across the AI lifecycle and recommends accountability structures including responsibility maps and redress mechanisms, supported by evidence and standardized openness 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