[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-353921-105":59,"doc-detail-353921-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","aging-modulation-of-the-immune-system-and-immunotherapy-efficacy-in-cancer-review","Aging modulation of the immune system and immunotherapy efficacy in cancer - Review","","Immunosenescence involves immune decline and chronic inflammation, and with increasing age it drives a higher incidence of tumors. This review analyzes how immune system and immune cell aging reshape tumor initiation and progression, and how these changes influence cancer immunotherapy. Cytokines, cell interactions, and other mediators link aging to cancer, often assembling an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that promotes immune evasion and tumor growth. Clinical evidence shows variable and reduced immunotherapy efficacy and tolerance in older adults, leading to a structured summary across cancer types and proposed elderly-tailored sensitization strategies and senescence-modulating drug mechanisms.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/aging-modulation-of-the-immune-system-and-immunotherapy-efficacy-in-cancer-review/353921/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/aging-modulation-of-the-immune-system-and-immunotherapy-efficacy-in-cancer-review/353921.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jacob","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What does immunosenescence contribute to in elderly cancer patients?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Immunosenescence is marked by immune decline and chronic inflammation, shaping how tumors initiate and progress in older adults and influencing clinical trajectories.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does immunosenescence affect tumor microenvironment and immune evasion?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Age-related factors such as cytokines and cell interactions collectively promote an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that enables tumor immune evasion and proliferation.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Why is immunotherapy efficacy in older adults often limited?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Clinical data indicate variable treatment efficacy and reduced tolerance in older adults, compounded by distinct physiological changes and diminished drug metabolism that complicate regimen selection.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},353921,1790171955,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":26},962084931830,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","TYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 11 March 2026  \nDOI 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1781885  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nAlejandro Villagra,  \nGeorgetown University., United States  \nREVIEWED BY  \nAlex C. Y. Chen,  \nMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States Manasa Suresh,  \nGeorgetown University, United States Peijie Yu,  \nThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nXiaofei Shen  \n [dg1535058@smail.nju.edu.cn](dg1535058@smail.nju.edu.cn)[ ](dg1535058@smail.nju.edu.cn)Wenxian Guan  \n[15850502391@163.com](15850502391@163.com)  \n†These authors have contributed equally to this work  \nRECEIVED 06 January 2026  \nREVISED 19 February 2026  \nACCEPTED 20 February 2026  \nPUBLISHED 11 March 2026  \nCITATION  \nWang Y, Liang M, Mao Y, Zhu W, Shen X and Guan W (2026) Aging modulation of the immune system and immunotherapy efficacy in cancer.  \nFront. Immunol. 17:1781885 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1781885  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2026 Wang, Liang, Mao, Zhu, Shen and Guan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the  \nCreative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nAging modulation of the immune system and immunotherapy efficacy in cancer  \nYurong Wang 1,2†, Mengjie Liang 1†, Yichen Mao 1†, Wei Zhu 3, Xiaofei Shen 1,2* and Wenxian Guan 1,2*  \n1 Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, 2 MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China, 3 Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China  \nImmunosenescence is characterized by immune decline and chronic inflammation. With advancing age, the incidence of tumors increases significantly. Understanding how immunosenescence influences the initiation and progression of tumors, as well as its implications for tumor immunotherapy, has become a matter of urgent importance. This review begins with an analysis of the phenotypic changes and underlying mechanisms associated with immune system and immune cell aging, and further explores the interplay between immunosenescence and tumorigenesis. Evidence indicates that cytokines, cell interactions and other mediators serve as critical links connecting aging and cancer, exerting complex anti-tumor and pro-tumor effects. However, in the context of immunosenescence, these factors collectively contribute to the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that facilitates tumor immune evasion and proliferation. Clinical data reveal that immunotherapy in older adults is often challenged by variable treatment efficacy and reduced tolerance. This review systematically summarizes the data related to elderly patients in immunotherapy for different types of cancers, and discusses potential immunotherapy sensitization strategies tailored for elderly patients and the mechanisms and immunomodulatory effects of senescence-modulating drugs, with the aim of enhancing therapeutic response rates and improving safety profiles.  \nKEYWORDS  \ncancer immunotherapy, immunosenescence, older cancer patients, personalized medicine, tumor microenvironment  \n1 Introduction  \nThe progression of aging induces not only normal physiological aging, but is also accompanied by a considerable array of pathological alterations following the decline of systemic functions. Factors such as the accumulation of intracellular DNA damage, diminished efficiency of cellular repair mechanisms, recurrent exposure to environmental triggers, metaboli","cbCairAJ3CzXhO1S","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairAJ3CzXhO1S","pdf",2121598,24,"English","# Introduction\n## Immunosenescence as a hallmark of elderly cancer trajectories\n# Aging and tumor immunotherapy\n## Heterogeneity in elderly responses to ICIs and CAR-T","[{\"question\":\"What does immunosenescence contribute to in elderly cancer patients?\",\"answer\":\"Immunosenescence is marked by immune decline and chronic inflammation, shaping how tumors initiate and progress in older adults and influencing clinical trajectories.\"},{\"question\":\"How does immunosenescence affect tumor microenvironment and immune evasion?\",\"answer\":\"Age-related factors such as cytokines and cell interactions collectively promote an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that enables tumor immune evasion and proliferation.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is immunotherapy efficacy in older adults often limited?\",\"answer\":\"Clinical data indicate variable treatment efficacy and reduced tolerance in older adults, compounded by distinct physiological changes and diminished drug metabolism that complicate regimen selection.\"}]","Aging modulation of the immune system and immunotherapy efficacy in cancer - Review | PDF",1790107913]