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It challenges the idea that religion is a key driver of national disunity by surveying citizens across religious affiliations. Statistical results (X²=0.8249; tabulated X²=5.02 at α=0.025, df=1) support acceptance of the null hypothesis. The findings contradict coverage attributing erosion of national unity to Islam and Christianity attachments, and emphasize the roles of governance, social services, and citizenship-based integration.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/african-educational-research-journal-full-length-research-paper-national-consciousness-and-identity-in-tanzania/590817/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/african-educational-research-journal-full-length-research-paper-national-consciousness-and-identity-in-tanzania/590817.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Stanford","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What myth does the study aim to debunk about Tanzania’s national consciousness?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study targets the belief that religion is a key factor weakening national consciousness and cohesion in Tanzania, especially as portrayed through media accounts of religious conflicts.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What do the survey results say about religion as a factor?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The results show no significant difference in citizens’ preference for promoting national consciousness across religious affiliations. The null hypothesis regarding religion is accepted.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"According to the paper, what factors matter more for weakening or sustaining national unity?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The paper emphasizes historical and governance-related dynamics—such as failures to provide security and economic empowerment and the need for integration not hinged on religion or ethnicity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590817,1792433845,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},2336477552062,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","African Educational Research Journal Vol. 1(2), pp. 118-125, September 2013 Full Length Research Paper  \nNational consciousness and identity in Tanzania: Factors influencing its development and sustainability Willy L. M. Komba  \nMkwawa University College of Education, Constituent of the University of Dar es Salaam, Iringa, Tanzania.  \nAccepted 29 August, 2013  \n\n| ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>We intend to debunk the myth that religion is a key factor in the weakening of national consciousness and cohesion in Tanzania by investigating the evidence behind media coverage that portrayed the phenomenon as being caused by religious conflicts in the country. The conclusion of the survey is that Tanzania citizens, irrespective of religious affiliation, do not differ significantly in their preference for the promotion of national consciousness in the country. The calculated X² = 0.8249 was found to be less than the tabulated X² = 5.02 with α = 0.025 and df = 1. Therefore, the null hypothesis on religion as a factor was accepted. These findings are contrary to media coverage portraying that national consciousness and national unity are being undermined by greater attachments to the two major religions, namely Islam and Christianity. Historically, national consciousness takes priority when outside forces threaten the nation or during internal challengesand misgivings, regarding faulted government performances and the threat to the stability of the country. When the government fails to deliver social services such as security and economic empowerment, protect citizen uniqueness and encourage sense of belonging not hinged on religion or ethnic grouping, it encourages revolt. The shirking in the national responsibilities and apparent partiality in turn, create avenue for and gear the people to rise against the regime. Such an all-embracing sense of nationalism is different from one that is based on sectarianism (the 19th century East and Central European version of nationalism), which some selfish and myopic politicians in Tanzania are eager to embrace using the religious cloak. In order to sustain and promote social, communal integration and national consolidation, it is necessary that a program is mounted for the youth and general public that will take the country from the usual national consciousness to what Franz Fanon calls ‘political and social consciousness’.\u003Cbr>Keywords: National consciousness, national identity, religious conflict, civic education, patriotism. |\n| --- |\n| [E-mail: wkombahiro@yahoo.com](E-mail: wkombahiro@yahoo.com). |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nNational consciousness, or what Franz Fanon (Fanon, 1961) used to describe as ‘the all-embracing crystallization of the innermost hopes of the whole people’, appears to be at a low ebb in Tanzania. The situation is the effect of a degenerating national cohesion as reflected in growing sectarianism . Conflicts between groups of citizens holding different religious beliefs, political opinions, and places of origin are prevalent. In addition, there is a feeling of general decadence of the moral fabric of society illustrated by corruption and lawlessness at all levels of society (URT, 1996) . These shortcomings and excesses are published daily in the national newspapers to the extent that some citizens feel ashamed to identify themselves as Tanzanians. The  \nnewspapers include The Citizen, Nipashe, Fahamu, Mwananchi, Kiongozi Gazeti la Wananchi, and Mwana HALISI.  \nFor instance, Nipashe newspaper of April, 1 2013 reported a statement made by one minister in the President’s Office in which he blasted those who instigated chaos based on religion, comparing them to people who attempt to cut a branch on which they sit. The minister was officiating at a fund raising event organized by the Seventh Day Adventist Church in Mwanza.  \n‘Rt. Reverend Bishop, I implore you and the whole SDA Church to cooperate with all other religious  \ninstitutions in the country so that our country continues to enjoy peace. This is m","cbCaiez8BZXMGSHE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiez8BZXMGSHE","pdf",290090,"English","# Introduction\n## Media narratives and religious conflicts\n## National census and policy debates","[{\"question\":\"What myth does the study aim to debunk about Tanzania’s national consciousness?\",\"answer\":\"The study targets the belief that religion is a key factor weakening national consciousness and cohesion in Tanzania, especially as portrayed through media accounts of religious conflicts.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the survey results say about religion as a factor?\",\"answer\":\"The results show no significant difference in citizens’ preference for promoting national consciousness across religious affiliations. The null hypothesis regarding religion is accepted.\"},{\"question\":\"According to the paper, what factors matter more for weakening or sustaining national unity?\",\"answer\":\"The paper emphasizes historical and governance-related dynamics—such as failures to provide security and economic empowerment and the need for integration not hinged on religion or ethnicity.\"}]","African Educational Research Journal - Full Length Research Paper - National consciousness and identity in Tanzania | PDF",1792070481]