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A quantitative survey model was used during the 2019–2020 Turkey Football Federation season. Participants included 498 volunteers aged 12–68 selected by random sampling. Normality tests showed non-normal score distributions, so Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis, and Bonferroni post hoc procedures were applied with p \u003C 0.05. Results indicated moderate aggression and violent tendencies, higher among males, younger participants, high school students, and those with low income, with significant differences by gender, age, education, occupation, and income.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/african-educational-research-journal-full-length-research-paper-analysis-of-the-level-of-aggression-and-violence/591046/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/african-educational-research-journal-full-length-research-paper-analysis-of-the-level-of-aggression-and-violence/591046.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"McQueen","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the purpose of the study on Düzcespor fans?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To examine the levels of aggression and violence among students and other professional groups who are Düzcespor football fans.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the data collected and who were the participants?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Data were collected during the 2019–2020 Turkey Football Federation season. The study included 498 volunteers aged 12–68 selected using a random sample technique.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What statistical approach was used to analyze differences between groups?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"After normality tests indicated non-normal distributions, non-parametric tests were used: Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis, and Bonferroni for post hoc comparisons, with significance set at p \u003C 0.05.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},591046,1792162265,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},5909890329169,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","African Educational Research Journal  \nVol. 9(3), pp. 704-711, July 2021 DOI: 10. 30918/AERJ.93.21.109 ISSN: 2354-2160  \nFull Length Research Paper  \nAnalysis of the level of aggression and violence of students and other professional groups who are fans of Düzce sports football  \nEmre Turegun1* and Engin Efek2  \nDepartment of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Science, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey.  \nDepartment of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Faculty of Sports Science, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey. Accepted 12 July, 2021  \n\n| ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>The study aimed to examine the levels of aggression and violence of students and other professional groups who are Düzcespor football fans. For the research model, the survey model, one of the quantitative research types, was chosen. The study's data collection process was carried out during the 2019-2020 season of the Turkey Football Federation, and the population of the study consisted of Düzcespor fans between the ages of 12-68. The sample of the study, on the other hand, consists of 498 people who voluntarily participated in the study using the random sample selection technique. As a result of normality tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro Wilk), it was determined that the scores obtained from the scales did not show a normal distribution. For this reason, non-parametric tests Mann Whitney-U Test, Kruskal Wallis Test, and Bonferroni Test, one of the Post Hoc tests, were used to determine which group caused the significant difference between the groups as a result of the analysis. Frequency, percentage, minimum, maximum, average, and standard deviation values were also used to analyze the data. The level of significance was determined as p \u003C 0.05. The study's findings showed that Düzcespor supporters had moderate aggression and violent behaviors. There was a significant difference between the variables of gender, age, education level, occupation and income, and aggression and violent behavior. The study results revealed that aggression and tendency to violence are higher in males, younger people, high school students and people with low income.\u003Cbr>Keywords: Düzcespor, football, fans, student behavior. |\n| --- |\n| *Corresponding author. E-mail: [emreturegun@duzce.edu.tr](emreturegun@duzce.edu.tr). |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nSports activities are based on the history of humanity globally, and it is claimed that the foundation of today's sports branches was laid in ancient times (Öntürk and Ekici, 2018) . Just as people continue to mature continuously from history to the present, the phenomenon of sports has continued to develop as a dynamic structure from history until today, diversified and served different purposes (Efek, 2020) . Sports, sometimes referred to as competition, participation, and as a means of watching, have become a center of attraction for many people in sports and media organs today. Sport contributes to individuals not only physically but also psychologically and socially and is subject to many areas  \nfrom nutrition to education (Zorba and Göksel, 2016; Chang et al. , 2018; Yeh et al. , 2017; Thomas et al. , 2016; Yıldız and Erhan, 2019; Dinçer, 2020) . Sports activities, which serve as a means of getting away from a stressful life, relaxation, and entertainment, have become a phenomenon for those who do sports and sports fans who spend a long time with these activities. Thus, sports, which gather many people together with concepts such as competing, winning, hosting the opponent , and going away, gained a cultural and commercial identity (Çalışkan  \nand Poyraz, 2020; Yetim, 2000; Yücel et al. , 2015) .  \nSport, which serves various purposes such as feeling belonging to a group, competing, relieving stress, and  \nTuregun and Efek 705  \nwinning, sometimes causes undesirable events among the fans. The phenomenon of aggression, which we encounter physically and verbally, is defined as aperson's behavior that deliberately harms other people and their environment p","cbCair7PhXudTPd2","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair7PhXudTPd2","pdf",193890,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What was the purpose of the study on Düzcespor fans?\",\"answer\":\"To examine the levels of aggression and violence among students and other professional groups who are Düzcespor football fans.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the data collected and who were the participants?\",\"answer\":\"Data were collected during the 2019–2020 Turkey Football Federation season. The study included 498 volunteers aged 12–68 selected using a random sample technique.\"},{\"question\":\"What statistical approach was used to analyze differences between groups?\",\"answer\":\"After normality tests indicated non-normal distributions, non-parametric tests were used: Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis, and Bonferroni for post hoc comparisons, with significance set at p \\u003c 0.05.\"}]","African Educational Research Journal - Full Length Research Paper - Analysis of the Level of Aggression and Violence | PDF",1792071003]