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It distinguishes de jure and de facto segregation, details Jim Crow laws, disfranchisement practices, and unequal access to public spaces, employment, and housing. A timeline from 1900–1950 highlights major organizations and landmark court cases, followed by the Montgomery Bus Boycott, key civil rights legislation, sit-ins, Freedom Riders, and federal enforcement actions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/african-american-civil-rights-movement-read-online-free/611249/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/african-american-civil-rights-movement-read-online-free/611249.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"นรินทร์","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/octet-stream","2026-10-19",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What were de jure and de facto segregation, and how did they affect African Americans around 1950?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"De jure segregation was legal segregation through written laws, while de facto segregation was unwritten segregation reinforced by customs, housing patterns, and traditions. Both limited access to jobs, housing, and public services.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"Which court cases challenged “separate but equal,” and what was the outcome of Brown v. Board of Education?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents addressed unequal educational access. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) challenged Plessy v. Ferguson and ruled that “separate but equal” had no place in public education.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"How did the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Freedom Riders advance desegregation?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"The Montgomery Bus Boycott followed Rosa Parks’ refusal and led to a Supreme Court ruling in 1956 that segregated buses were unconstitutional. Freedom Riders tested segregation in interstate transportation, prompting federal action to protect riders and desegregate interstate travel.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},611249,1792380954,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":143},2336475104957,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c4c6bd8a5076e1?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787554080175789136","African-American Civil Rights Movement\n© Student Handouts, Inc.\nLife for African Americans in the South (circa 1950)\nDe jure segregation – legal segregation through written laws\nJim Crow laws – designed to separate blacks and whites\nPlessy v. Ferguson, 1896 – “separate but equal”\nSegregation of beaches, cemeteries, hospitals, restaurants, schools, transportation, and more\nDisenfranchised – few could vote – grandfather clauses, literacy tests, poll taxes\nLife for African Americans in the North (circa 1950)\nDe facto segregation – unwritten segregation through customs, housing patterns, and traditions\nSegregation and discrimination in housing, jobs, and more\nLife for African Americans Nationwide (circa 1950)\nSegregated from whites, either legally or through custom, throughout the United States\nEmployment – generally filled the lowest paid, least desirable positions – “last hired, first fired”\nStandard of living – higher rates of illiteracy and poverty, and shorter life expectancy, than whites\nHousing – fewer black than white homeowners\nWorld War II – following the defeat of Hitler and his racist ideology, African Americans expected changes within the United States\nCivil Rights Movement,1900-1950\n1905 – Niagara Movement begun by W.E.B. Du Bois, William Monroe Trotter, and others – denounced the vocational training and gradual progress espoused by Booker T. Washington\n1909 – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) founded by Florence Kelley, Ida B. Wells, Jane Addams, Ray Stannard Baker, and others – strategy involved using the court system to challenge inequality and racism\n1911 – Urban League formed to help poor black workers in cities\n1920s – Marcus Garvey’s “Back to Africa” movement and Universal Negro Improvement Association\n1930 – Nation of Islam founded by Elijah Muhammad\nCivil Rights Movement,1900-1950 (Continued)\n1941 – FDR ended discrimination in defense industries\n1942 – Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded by James Farmer and others – advocated nonviolent protests\n1944 – Gunnar Myrdal’s An American Dilemma published\n1946 – Committee on Civil Rights appointed by Harry Truman\n1947 – Major League Baseball desegregated when Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers\n1948 – Harry Truman desegregated the United States military\nNAACP Legal Victories, 1950\nSweatt v. Painter – all-black law school established by Texas violated 14th Amendment because facilities unequal\nMcLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents – University of Oklahoma graduate student George McLaurin’s constitutional rights violated when he was denied equal access to the classrooms, dining hall, and library\nBrown v. Board of Education, 1954\nChallenged the “separate but equal” doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson\nAttorney Thurgood Marshall argued before Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren\nUnanimous decision – “In the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place.”\nBrown II ruled for school desegregation “with all deliberate speed”\nBut strong opposition to decision from whites, and desegregation moved slowly\nMontgomery Bus Boycott,1955-1956\nRosa Parks was asked to give up her bus seat to a white passenger in Montgomery, Alabama (December, 1955)\nShe refused and was arrested\nActivists from the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) began a bus boycott that lasted over a year\n1956 – Supreme Court ruled that segregated buses were unconstitutional\nSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)\nMLK had spoken out in support of the Montgomery Bus Boycott\nSCLC established by Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy in 1957\nNonviolent protest and resistance based on civil disobedience of Henry David Thoreau and Mohandas Gandhi\nChristian-themed organization\nLittle Rock, Arkansas – 1957\n“Little Rock Nine” enrolled at Central High School\nGovernor Orval Faubus called out Arkansas National Guard to block them\nEisenhower sent federal troops who stayed for the whole school year\nFull compliance  with school desegr","cbCaikiLpnLhMeTd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikiLpnLhMeTd","ppt",4698624,46,"English","# Life for African Americans in the South (circa 1950)\n## De jure segregation and Jim Crow laws\n## Disenfranchisement and unequal public life\n# Life for African Americans in the North (circa 1950)\n## De facto segregation and discrimination\n# Life for African Americans Nationwide (circa 1950)\n## Employment, standard of living, and housing\n# Civil Rights Movement (1900-1950)\n## Major organizations and early milestones (1905-1948)\n## NAACP legal victories and Brown v. Board of Education\n## Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)\n## SCLC and Little Rock (1957)\n## Civil Rights Act of 1957\n## Greensboro Sit-in and SNCC (1960)\n## Freedom Riders and federal response (1961-1962)","[{\"question\":\"What were de jure and de facto segregation, and how did they affect African Americans around 1950?\",\"answer\":\"De jure segregation was legal segregation through written laws, while de facto segregation was unwritten segregation reinforced by customs, housing patterns, and traditions. Both limited access to jobs, housing, and public services.\"},{\"question\":\"Which court cases challenged “separate but equal,” and what was the outcome of Brown v. Board of Education?\",\"answer\":\"Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents addressed unequal educational access. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) challenged Plessy v. Ferguson and ruled that “separate but equal” had no place in public education.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Freedom Riders advance desegregation?\",\"answer\":\"The Montgomery Bus Boycott followed Rosa Parks’ refusal and led to a Supreme Court ruling in 1956 that segregated buses were unconstitutional. Freedom Riders tested segregation in interstate transportation, prompting federal action to protect riders and desegregate interstate travel.\"}]","African-American Civil Rights Movement - read online free | PPT",116]