[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-612481-105":59,"doc-detail-612481-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","african-american-civil-rights-movement-key-legal-cases-and-milestones","African American Civil Rights Movement - Key Legal Cases and Milestones","","African American Civil Rights Movement notes summarize how segregation functioned in the United States through de jure laws and de facto customs. Key legal frameworks such as Jim Crow and the “separate but equal” doctrine are contrasted with later challenges like Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown II. The material traces major organizations and strategies, including NAACP court challenges and CORE nonviolent protest, and highlights turning points from WWII-era policy changes to desegregation efforts in education, transportation, and the military, alongside pivotal figures and actions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/african-american-civil-rights-movement-key-legal-cases-and-milestones/612481/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/african-american-civil-rights-movement-key-legal-cases-and-milestones/612481.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Franzy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What do the notes say about de jure vs. de facto segregation?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"De jure segregation is described as legal segregation enforced through written laws, while de facto segregation is unwritten segregation carried out through customs, housing patterns, and traditions.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How did the notes characterize key Supreme Court decisions?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"The notes reference Plessy v. Ferguson’s “separate but equal” doctrine and later Brown II’s ruling for school desegregation “with all deliberate speed,” noting that strong opposition slowed implementation.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"Which events and organizations were highlighted as driving nonviolent resistance and change?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"The notes highlight the Montgomery Bus Boycott after Rosa Parks’ refusal, Supreme Court rulings on segregated buses, and organizations such as NAACP using courts and CORE advocating nonviolent protests, along with SCLC founded in 1957.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},612481,1792383530,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":143},2336478945519,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","© Student Handouts, Inc.  \n􀂀 De jure segregation – legal segregation through written laws  \n􀂀 Jim Crow laws – designed to separate blacks and whites  \n􀂀 Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 – “separate but equal”  \n􀂀 Segregation of beaches, cemeteries, hospitals, restaurants, schools, transportation, and more  \n􀂀 Disenfranchised – few could vote – grandfather clauses, literacy tests, poll taxes  \n􀂀 De facto segregation – unwritten segregation through customs, housing patterns, and traditions  \n􀂀 Segregation and discrimination in housing, jobs, and more  \n􀂀 Segregated from whites, either legally or through custom, throughout the United States  \n􀂀 Employment – generally filled the lowest paid, least desirable positions – “last hired, first fired”  \n􀂀 Standard of living – higher rates of illiteracy and poverty, and shorter life expectancy, than whites  \n􀂀 Housing – fewer black than white homeowners  \n􀂀 WorldWar II – following the defeat of Hitler and his racist ideology, African Americans expected changes within the United States  \n􀂀 1905 – Niagara Movement begun by W.E.B. Du Bois, William Monroe Trotter, and others – denounced the vocational training and gradual progress espoused by Booker T.Washington  \n􀂀 1909 – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) founded by Florence Kelley, Ida B.Wells, Jane Addams, Ray Stannard Baker, and others – strategy involved using the court system to challenge inequality and racism  \n􀂀 1911 – Urban League formed to help poor black workers in cities  \n􀂀 1920s – Marcus Garvey‟s “Back to Africa” movement and Universal Negro Improvement Association  \n􀂀 1930 – Nation of Islam founded by Elijah Muhammad  \n􀂀 1941 – FDR ended discrimination in defense industries  \n􀂀 1942 – Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded by James Farmer and others – advocated nonviolent protests  \n􀂀 1944 – Gunnar Myrdal’sAn American Dilemma published  \n􀂀 1946 – Committee on Civil Rights appointed by Harry Truman  \n􀂀 1947 – Major League Baseball desegregated when Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers  \n􀂀 1948 – Harry Truman desegregated the United States military  \n􀂀 Sweatt v. Painter– all-black law school established by Texas violated 14 th Amendment because facilities unequal  \n􀂀 McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents – University of Oklahoma graduate student George McLaurin‟s constitutional rights violated when he was denied equal access to the classrooms, dining hall, and library  \n􀂀 Challenged the “separate but equal”doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson  \n􀂀 Attorney Thurgood Marshall argued before Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren  \n􀂀 Unanimous decision – “In the field of public education the doctrine of „separate but equal‟ has no place.”  \n􀂀 Brown II ruled for school desegregation“with all deliberate speed”  \n􀂀 But strong opposition to decision from whites, and desegregation moved slowly  \n􀂀 Rosa Parks was asked to give up her bus seat to a white passenger in Montgomery, Alabama (December, 1955)  \n􀂀 She refused and was arrested  \n􀂀 Activists from the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) began a bus boycott that lasted over a year  \n􀂀 1956 – Supreme Court ruled that segregated buses were unconstitutional  \n􀂀 MLK had spoken out in support of the Montgomery Bus Boycott  \n􀂀 SCLC established by Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy in 1957  \n􀂀 Nonviolent protest and resistance based on civil disobedience of Henry David Thoreau and Mohandas Gandhi  \n􀂀 Christian-themed organization","cbCaihxurKS91BwB","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihxurKS91BwB","pdf",4439740,46,"English","# De jure vs. de facto segregation\n# Major laws and doctrines\n## Plessy v. Ferguson and “separate but equal”\n## Brown II and school desegregation\n# Voter disenfranchisement\n# Desegregation in public life\n## Housing and jobs\n## Education\n## Transportation and buses\n# Organizations and strategies\n## NAACP and court challenges\n## CORE and nonviolent protest\n## SCLC and civil disobedience","[{\"question\":\"What do the notes say about de jure vs. de facto segregation?\",\"answer\":\"De jure segregation is described as legal segregation enforced through written laws, while de facto segregation is unwritten segregation carried out through customs, housing patterns, and traditions.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the notes characterize key Supreme Court decisions?\",\"answer\":\"The notes reference Plessy v. Ferguson’s “separate but equal” doctrine and later Brown II’s ruling for school desegregation “with all deliberate speed,” noting that strong opposition slowed implementation.\"},{\"question\":\"Which events and organizations were highlighted as driving nonviolent resistance and change?\",\"answer\":\"The notes highlight the Montgomery Bus Boycott after Rosa Parks’ refusal, Supreme Court rulings on segregated buses, and organizations such as NAACP using courts and CORE advocating nonviolent protests, along with SCLC founded in 1957.\"}]","African American Civil Rights Movement - Key Legal Cases and Milestones | PDF",116]