[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-612485-105":59,"doc-detail-612485-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","african-american-civil-rights-movement-historical-timeline","African-American Civil Rights Movement - Historical timeline","","Comprehensive timeline of the African-American Civil Rights Movement, outlining living conditions and legal realities from the early 1900s through the 1960s. Explains de jure segregation via Jim Crow laws, voter disenfranchisement, and unequal access to schools, hospitals, and public services, then contrasts northern and nationwide de facto discrimination. Tracks key organizations and landmark legal victories, major protests such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Greensboro Sit-in, Freedom Riders, federal responses, and pivotal events like Brown v. Board and school desegregation efforts.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/african-american-civil-rights-movement-historical-timeline/612485/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/african-american-civil-rights-movement-historical-timeline/612485.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Franzy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation","2026-10-19",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What were “de jure” and “de facto” segregation in the United States around 1950?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"De jure segregation referred to legal segregation enforced through written laws such as Jim Crow laws. De facto segregation referred to unwritten segregation driven by customs, housing patterns, and traditions.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"Which major NAACP legal victories are highlighted before Brown v. Board of Education?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"The timeline highlights Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents as precedents challenging unequal facilities and access. It then describes Brown v. Board of Education (1954) as challenging the “separate but equal” doctrine.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What role did nonviolent protests play, according to the events listed for the 1950s and early 1960s?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Nonviolent protests are presented as central to challenging segregation, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Greensboro Sit-ins, and the Freedom Rides. These actions are linked to legal challenges, federal pressure to desegregate, and wider public mobilization.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},612485,1792383536,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":143},2336478945519,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","African-American Civil Rights Movement\n© Student Handouts, Inc.\nLife for African Americans in the South (circa 1950)\nDe jure segregation – legal segregation through written laws\nJim Crow laws – designed to separate blacks and whites\nPlessy v. Ferguson, 1896 – “separate but equal”\nSegregation of beaches, cemeteries, hospitals, restaurants, schools, transportation, and more\nDisenfranchised – few could vote – grandfather clauses, literacy tests, poll taxes\nLife for African Americans in the North (circa 1950)\nDe facto segregation – unwritten segregation through customs, housing patterns, and traditions\nSegregation and discrimination in housing, jobs, and more\nLife for African Americans Nationwide (circa 1950)\nSegregated from whites, either legally or through custom, throughout the United States\nEmployment – generally filled the lowest paid, least desirable positions – “last hired, first fired”\nStandard of living – higher rates of illiteracy and poverty, and shorter life expectancy, than whites\nHousing – fewer black than white homeowners\nWorld War II – following the defeat of Hitler and his racist ideology, African Americans expected changes within the United States\nCivil Rights Movement,1900-1950\n1905 – Niagara Movement begun by W.E.B. Du Bois, William Monroe Trotter, and others – denounced the vocational training and gradual progress espoused by Booker T. Washington\n1909 – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) founded by Florence Kelley, Ida B. Wells, Jane Addams, Ray Stannard Baker, and others – strategy involved using the court system to challenge inequality and racism\n1911 – Urban League formed to help poor black workers in cities\n1920s – Marcus Garvey’s “Back to Africa” movement and Universal Negro Improvement Association\n1930 – Nation of Islam founded by Elijah Muhammad\nCivil Rights Movement,1900-1950 (Continued)\n1941 – FDR ended discrimination in defense industries\n1942 – Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded by James Farmer and others – advocated nonviolent protests\n1944 – Gunnar Myrdal’s An American Dilemma published\n1946 – Committee on Civil Rights appointed by Harry Truman\n1947 – Major League Baseball desegregated when Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers\n1948 – Harry Truman desegregated the United States military\nNAACP Legal Victories, 1950\nSweatt v. Painter – all-black law school established by Texas violated 14th Amendment because facilities unequal\nMcLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents – University of Oklahoma graduate student George McLaurin’s constitutional rights violated when he was denied equal access to the classrooms, dining hall, and library\nBrown v. Board of Education, 1954\nChallenged the “separate but equal” doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson\nAttorney Thurgood Marshall argued before Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren\nUnanimous decision – “In the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place.”\nBrown II ruled for school desegregation “with all deliberate speed”\nBut strong opposition to decision from whites, and desegregation moved slowly\nMontgomery Bus Boycott,1955-1956\nRosa Parks was asked to give up her bus seat to a white passenger in Montgomery, Alabama (December, 1955)\nShe refused and was arrested\nActivists from the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) began a bus boycott that lasted over a year\n1956 – Supreme Court ruled that segregated buses were unconstitutional\nSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)\nMLK had spoken out in support of the Montgomery Bus Boycott\nSCLC established by Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy in 1957\nNonviolent protest and resistance based on civil disobedience of Henry David Thoreau and Mohandas Gandhi\nChristian-themed organization\nLittle Rock, Arkansas – 1957\n“Little Rock Nine” enrolled at Central High School\nGovernor Orval Faubus called out Arkansas National Guard to block them\nEisenhower sent federal troops who stayed for the whole school year\nFull compliance  with school desegr","cbCaid5YhXgSaU48","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaid5YhXgSaU48","pptx",120360,46,"English","# African-American life under segregation (c. 1950)\n## De jure vs. de facto segregation\n## Disenfranchisement and unequal living conditions\n# Civil Rights Movement (1900-1950)\n## Key organizations and strategies\n# NAACP legal victories and Brown v. Board (1950-1954)\n## Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma\n## Brown I and Brown II\n# Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)\n## Rosa Parks and court action\n# SCLC and Little Rock integration (1957)\n## Little Rock Nine and federal intervention\n# Civil Rights Act of 1957\n## Civil Rights Commission and voting protections\n# Greensboro Sit-in and SNCC (1960)\n## Nonviolent organizing\n# Freedom Riders (1961)\n## Boynton v. Virginia and attacks\n# Kennedy’s response and Ole Miss integration (1962-1963)","[{\"question\":\"What were “de jure” and “de facto” segregation in the United States around 1950?\",\"answer\":\"De jure segregation referred to legal segregation enforced through written laws such as Jim Crow laws. De facto segregation referred to unwritten segregation driven by customs, housing patterns, and traditions.\"},{\"question\":\"Which major NAACP legal victories are highlighted before Brown v. Board of Education?\",\"answer\":\"The timeline highlights Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents as precedents challenging unequal facilities and access. It then describes Brown v. Board of Education (1954) as challenging the “separate but equal” doctrine.\"},{\"question\":\"What role did nonviolent protests play, according to the events listed for the 1950s and early 1960s?\",\"answer\":\"Nonviolent protests are presented as central to challenging segregation, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Greensboro Sit-ins, and the Freedom Rides. These actions are linked to legal challenges, federal pressure to desegregate, and wider public mobilization.\"}]","African-American Civil Rights Movement - Historical timeline | PPTX",116]