[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-593254-105":59,"doc-detail-593254-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","african-academics-in-norway-experiences-of-inclusion-and-exclusion-and-impact-on-mental-wellbeing","African Academics in Norway - Experiences of Inclusion and Exclusion and Impact on Mental Wellbeing","","African Academics in Norway: Experiences of Inclusion and Exclusion and Impact on Mental Wellbeing investigates how African academics experience inclusion and exclusion across Norwegian social sectors and how these experiences affect mental health. Using a mixed-method design, 166 African academics completed the Perceived Exclusion Scale (PES) and answered open-ended questions on mental effects and coping strategies. Results indicate exclusion across nearly all sectors, alongside depression and insomnia for many participants.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/african-academics-in-norway-experiences-of-inclusion-and-exclusion-and-impact-on-mental-wellbeing/593254/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/african-academics-in-norway-experiences-of-inclusion-and-exclusion-and-impact-on-mental-wellbeing/593254.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Elsa","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What research method was used in the study?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"The study used a mixed-method research approach, combining a 20-item questionnaire (Perceived Exclusion Scale, PES) with two open-ended questions.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How did exclusion affect participants’ mental wellbeing?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Participants reported exclusion in almost all Norwegian social sectors, with concomitant effects such as depression and insomnia for most respondents.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What coping mechanisms did participants mention?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Participants described acceptance, confrontational strategy, avoidance strategy, theological group discussion, and positive attitudes as key coping mechanisms.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},593254,1792090381,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":138,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":139,"faqs":140,"seo_title":141,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":142,"read_time":31},137455077381,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","African Academics in Norway: Experiences of Inclusion and Exclusion and Impact on Mental Wellbeing  \nBy Mohammed-Awal Alhassan ∗, Ahmed Bawa Kuyini ±, Boitumelo Mangope• & Thenjiwe Emily Major ♦  \nThis study explored the experiences of inclusion and exclusion of African academics in Norway in various sectors ofthe society and their participation in these sectors. Using a mixed method research approach, 166 African academics completed a 20-item questionnaire entitled Perceived Exclusion Scale (PES) and two open-ended questions about their mental effects and coping mechanisms of exclusion. Descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis procedures were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the participants experienced exclusion in almost all the sectors of the Norwegian society with concomitant effects of depression and insomnia for most of the participants. Participants mentioned acceptance, confrontational strategy, avoidance strategy, theological group discussion and positive attitudes as key coping mechanisms to exclusion and discrimination. This study could be used as a baseline for future research on the psychological and mental health effects of discrimination of Africans and AfricanNorwegians. The study is a pointer to the public discourses on the positive sides of immigration in general and the role of migrants’ contribution to the Norwegian society.  \nKeywords: Norway, African academics, inclusion and exclusion, mental wellbeing, minorities  \nIntroduction  \nSocial exclusion and discrimination of minorities in different markets is well documented across many countries (Andersson & Rye, 2023; Andersson & Midtbøen, 2022; Andersson, 2022). Social inclusion on the other hand is a process intended to respond to the rights and needs of the diversity of all people in society by increasing their participation, reducing social exclusion from sectors of society including education and employment UNESCO (2013) . The opposite of inclusion, social exclusion is characterized by systems and measures that exclude and/or limit participation. And Raaum, Rogstad, Røed, and Westlie (2009) state that social exclusion occurs when a person is outside the structured arenas of social settings such as employment, school, peer group, or is denied access to the essential structures due to being considered “outsider” or marked as different. Social  \n∗Lecturer/Associate Professor, Nordre Follo Department of Adult Education, Kolbotn, Norway.  \n±Professor (Associate) Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Education, The British University of Dubai, UAE.  \n•Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Education, University of Botswana, Botswana.  \n♦Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Education, University of Botswana, Botswana.  \nexclusion takes several forms and occurs in different arenas of life-education, labor market, housing, access to health and social welfare services, etc.  \nFrom a human’s rights perspective, exclusion is unacceptable, and governments and societies ought to pursue measures that enhance social inclusion in line with the equality principles of the UN Convention on Political and Civil Rights, and UN Convention on Social Economic and Cultural rights. In this regard, Berry and Sam (2016) called for governmental actions that built values for social inclusion, a measure that supports diversity and multiculturalism (Berry, Phinney, Sam, & Vedder, 2006, Berry & Sam, 2016).  \nContext and Issue of Study  \nNorway is a country built on values of egalitarianism, equity, and acceptance of diversity. Egalitarianism is embedded in the laws and institutions to make it more inclusive for all people. These values and actions allude to the need to entrench human rights and collectively they should lead to the creation of conditions that ensure all citizens, irrespective of racial and cultural backgrounds are able to participate fully in society. However, in practice people from minority backgrounds (minorities) experience exclusion, discrimination and racism which is at o","cbCaiuwDcZDLcjiJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuwDcZDLcjiJ","pdf",174559,"English","# Introduction\n# Context and Issue of Study\n# Aim","[{\"question\":\"What research method was used in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study used a mixed-method research approach, combining a 20-item questionnaire (Perceived Exclusion Scale, PES) with two open-ended questions.\"},{\"question\":\"How did exclusion affect participants’ mental wellbeing?\",\"answer\":\"Participants reported exclusion in almost all Norwegian social sectors, with concomitant effects such as depression and insomnia for most respondents.\"},{\"question\":\"What coping mechanisms did participants mention?\",\"answer\":\"Participants described acceptance, confrontational strategy, avoidance strategy, theological group discussion, and positive attitudes as key coping mechanisms.\"}]","African Academics in Norway - Experiences of Inclusion and Exclusion and Impact on Mental Wellbeing | PDF",1792076913]