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Bufalenolides have been identified as key active constituents with antitumor and apoptosis-inducing effects, yet clinical use is constrained by toxicity, limited tumor targeting, poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid clearance. The review summarizes targeted drug delivery systems (TDDS) to improve bioavailability, targeting, efficacy, and safety. It covers passive, active, and stimuli-responsive TDDS for TS/TV.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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Dovepress  \nopen access to scientific and medical research  \n Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW  \nAdvances on Delivery System of Active  \nIngredients of Dried Toad Skin and Toad Venom  \nDan Zhang , Bingtao Zhai, Jing Sun , Jiangxue Cheng, Xiaofei Zhang, Dongyan Guo  \nState Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, 712046, People’s Republic of China  \nCorrespondence: Dongyan Guo, Email [2051080@sntcm.edu.cn](2051080@sntcm.edu.cn)  \n\n| Abstract: Dried toad skin (TS) and toad venom (TV) are the dried skin of the Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor and the Bufo melanostictus Schneider, which remove the internal organs and the white secretions of the skin and retroauricular glands. Since 2005, cinobufacini preparations have been approved by the State Food and Drug Administration for use as adjuvant therapies in the treatment of various advanced cancers. Meanwhile, bufalenolides has been identified as the main component of TS/TV, exhibiting antitumor activity, inducing apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation or metastasis through a variety of signaling pathways. However, clinical agents frequently face limitations such as inherent toxicity at high concentrations and insufficient tumor targeting. Additionally, the development and utilization of these active ingredients are hindered by poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid clearance from the bloodstream. To address these challenges, the design of a targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) aims to enhance drug bioavailability, improve targeting within the body, increase drug efficacy, and reduce adverse reactions. This article reviews the TDDS for TS/TV, and their active components, including passive, active, and stimuliresponsive TDDS, to provide a reference for advancing their clinical development and use.\u003Cbr>Keywords: dried toad skin, toad venom, targeted drug delivery system, passive targeted, active targeted, stimuli-responsive targeted |\n| --- |\n| Introduction\u003Cbr>To date, cancer continues to be a leading cause of death.1 The International Agency for Research on Cancer has estimated nearly 20 million new cancer cases and approximately 10 million cancer-related deaths for 2020. Population-based projections suggest that the annual incidence of new cancer cases will rise to 35 million by 2050, a 77% increase from the 2022 levels.2 According to the latest projections by the American Cancer Society, the United States is expected to report experience approximately 2 million new cancer cases and 611,720 cancer deaths in 2024.3 Cancer is a disease caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of transformed cells which have evolved through natural selection.4 Currently, the three primary modalities for cancer treatment include surgical resection, chemotherapeutic agents, and radiotherapy. However, in clinical practice, tumor recurrence and metastasis significantly affect patient prognosis, highlighting the inherent limitations of traditional treatment methods. For example, surgery can lead to recurrence due to incomplete resection, while radiotherapy is often inadequate for addressing metastasis due to its local and selective action, resulting in suboptimal treatment outcomes. Chemotherapy remains a critical treatment modality, but systemic toxicity and multidrug resistance limit its efficacy and hinder its development.5–7 Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new anticancer drugs and innovate novel treatment strategies.\u003Cbr>Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), a therapeutic approach with a history spanning thousands of years, is characterized by its multi-component, multi-target treatment capabilities in contrast to conventional chemotherapy drugs, offering both direct tumor inhibition and indirect antitumor effects through imm","cbCaiilNHcWuUZsJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiilNHcWuUZsJ","pdf",8360133,33,"English","# Introduction\n## Cancer burden and treatment limitations\n## Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine and TS/TV","[{\"question\":\"What are dried toad skin (TS) and toad venom (TV)?\",\"answer\":\"TS and TV are dried preparations from Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor and Bufo melanostictus Schneider, produced by removing internal organs and white secretions of the skin and retroauricular glands.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are TS/TV active ingredients still limited in clinical use?\",\"answer\":\"They face inherent toxicity at high concentrations and insufficient tumor targeting, along with poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid clearance from the bloodstream.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of developing targeted drug delivery systems (TDDS) for TS/TV?\",\"answer\":\"TDDS aims to enhance drug bioavailability, improve in-body targeting, increase therapeutic efficacy, and reduce adverse reactions.\"}]","Advances on Delivery System of Active Ingredients of Dried Toad Skin and Toad Venom - Review | PDF",1789997604,83]