[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-332627-105":59,"doc-detail-332627-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","advances-in-raman-spectroscopy-for-characterising-oral-cancer-and-oral-potentially-malignant-disorders-review","Advances in Raman spectroscopy for characterising oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders - Review","","Oral cancer outcomes have improved slowly over recent decades due to late detection and limited predictive markers for oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Early pathological processes trigger biochemical alterations in tissue that change molecular structure, concentration, or conformation. Raman spectroscopy offers a sensitive, high-specificity analytical route to interrogate these changes and support development of disease-specific biomarkers. This review summarizes Raman spectroscopy strategies across ex vivo, liquid biopsy, and in vivo settings, highlighting progress toward chairside clinical use.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/advances-in-raman-spectroscopy-for-characterising-oral-cancer-and-oral-potentially-malignant-disorders-review/332627/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/advances-in-raman-spectroscopy-for-characterising-oral-cancer-and-oral-potentially-malignant-disorders-review/332627.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"River Wang","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is early detection of oral cancer and OPMDs still challenging?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Progress has been limited because detection is often late and reliable markers for predicting disease progression in oral potentially malignant disorders are lacking.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does Raman spectroscopy help in characterising OPMDs and oral cancer?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It probes early biochemical changes in tissues by detecting modifications in molecular structure, concentration, or conformation, enabling screening, diagnosis support, and monitoring of malignant transformation.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What diagnostic approach does the review contrast with Raman spectroscopy?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The current gold standard relies on intra-oral visual inspection followed by biopsy and histopathological assessment, but dysplasia classification is considered unreliable for detecting disease progression due to subjectivity and limited validated criteria.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},332627,1790130047,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},1099514067438,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539ee87300030?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780474512215547542","Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine  \n[cambridge.org/erm](cambridge.org/erm)  \nReview  \nCite this article: Hanna K, Asiedu A-L, Theurer T, Muirhead D, Speirs V, Oweis Y, Abu-Eid R (2024) . Advances in Raman spectroscopy for characterising oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 26, e25, 1–12. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.1017/erm.2024.26](doi.org/10.1017/erm.2024.26)  \nReceived: 6 September 2023  \nRevised: 18 June 2024  \nAccepted: 16 August 2024  \nKeywords:  \ndetection; diagnosis; oral cancer; oral potentially malignant disorders; Raman spectroscopy  \nCorresponding author:  \nRasha Abu-Eid;  \nEmail: [Rasha.abueid@abdn.ac.uk](Rasha.abueid@abdn.ac.uk)  \n© The Author(s), 2024 . Published by Cambridge University Press. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence ([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.  \nAdvances in Raman spectroscopy for characterising oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders  \nKatie Hanna1,2 , Anna-Lena Asiedu1, Thomas Theurer3 , David Muirhead3 , Valerie Speirs1,2 , Yara Oweis4  and Rasha Abu-Eid1,2   \n1School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; 2Aberdeen Cancer Centre, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; 3School of Geoscience, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK and 4School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan  \nAbstract  \nOral cancer survival rates have seen little improvement over the past few decades. This is mainly due to late detection and a lack of reliable markers to predict disease progression in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) . There is a need for highly specific and sensitive screening tools to enable early detection of malignant transformation. Biochemical alterations to tissues occur as an early response to pathological processes; manifesting as modifications to molecular structure, concentration or conformation. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique that can probe these biochemical changes and can be exploited for the generation of novel disease-specific biomarkers. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy has the potential as an adjunct tool that can assist in the early diagnosis of oral cancer and the detection of disease progression in OPMDs. This review describes the use of Raman spectroscopy for the diagnosis of oral cancer and OPMDs based on ex vivo and liquid biopsies as well as in vivo applications that show the potential of this powerful tool to progress from benchtop to chairside.  \nIntroduction  \nOral cancers are malignant tumours that arise in the oral cavity, affecting the gingiva, tongue, buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, floor of the mouth and palate. The subsite heterogeneity of oral cancers varies in terms of global prevalence, risk factors and treatment response. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), an aggressive neoplasm of the oral epithelium, represents more than 90% of all oral cancers (Ref. 1) . Recent estimates have placed oral cancer as the 18th most common malignancy in the world, with 377 713 new cases and 177 757 deaths reported in 2020 (Ref. 2) . The incidence of oral cancer varies geographically, with the highest incidence reported in Southeast Asia (Ref. 3) . Geographical variations are related to differences in risk factors, of which many can be attributed to certain habits, like betel (areca) nut chewing, tobacco (in all its forms), and alcohol abuse and poor diet, as well as viral infections (e.g. human papilloma virus) .  \nWhilst oral cancers can develop de novo, many are preceded by oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), an umbrella term for a range of oral mucosal disorders with an increased risk of malignant transformation (Ref. 4) . The rate and potential for malig","cbCaigFI3YnFSWKR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigFI3YnFSWKR","pdf",858250,12,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Epidemiology and risk factors\n## Oral potentially malignant disorders and dysplasia\n## Current diagnostic standards and limitations\n## Optical screening approaches\n# Raman spectroscopy overview\n## Raman effect origins","[{\"question\":\"Why is early detection of oral cancer and OPMDs still challenging?\",\"answer\":\"Progress has been limited because detection is often late and reliable markers for predicting disease progression in oral potentially malignant disorders are lacking.\"},{\"question\":\"How does Raman spectroscopy help in characterising OPMDs and oral cancer?\",\"answer\":\"It probes early biochemical changes in tissues by detecting modifications in molecular structure, concentration, or conformation, enabling screening, diagnosis support, and monitoring of malignant transformation.\"},{\"question\":\"What diagnostic approach does the review contrast with Raman spectroscopy?\",\"answer\":\"The current gold standard relies on intra-oral visual inspection followed by biopsy and histopathological assessment, but dysplasia classification is considered unreliable for detecting disease progression due to subjectivity and limited validated criteria.\"}]","Advances in Raman spectroscopy for characterising oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders - Review | PDF",1789998950]