[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-331261-105":59,"doc-detail-331261-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","advances-in-pgd2ptgdr2-signaling-pathway-in-tumors-a-review","Advances in PGD2/PTGDR2 signaling pathway in tumors - A review","","Prostaglandins (PGs) function as allergic and inflammatory mediators in malignant diseases, with PGE2 and its receptors, as well as the PGD2/PGD2 receptor PTGDR2 axis, playing indispensable roles in tumor initiation, progression, and anti-tumor treatment. PGD2 signaling through PTGDR2 suppresses cancer cell survival, proliferation, and migration, and can reduce resistance to standard chemotherapies. PGD2 and related ligands or metabolites remodel the tumor microenvironment by driving chemokine and cytokine secretion, and diminished PGD2 expression correlates with poor prognosis across multiple cancers.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/advances-in-pgd2ptgdr2-signaling-pathway-in-tumors-a-review/331261/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/advances-in-pgd2ptgdr2-signaling-pathway-in-tumors-a-review/331261.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Theodore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What roles do PGE2 and PGD2 signaling play in cancers?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"PGE2 and PGD2 signaling via their receptors are described as essential for tumorigenesis and for shaping anti-tumor therapy outcomes. The review links these pathways to cancer progression and immune-related responses.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does PGD2/PTGDR2 signaling affect cancer cells and chemotherapy response?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"PGD2 signaling through PTGDR2 can directly inhibit cancer cell survival, proliferation, and migration. It is also reported to reduce resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does PGD2 influence the tumor microenvironment (TME)?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"PGD2 and its related ligands or metabolites can significantly alter the TME by promoting secretion of chemokines and cytokines. This remodeling is associated with inhibition of tumor progression.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},331261,1790478391,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},7971461740886,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","REVIEW  \nAdvances in PGD2/PTGDR2 signaling pathway in tumors: A review  \nHengjin Tian 1, 2, Kunpeng Ge 2, Lulu Wang 1, Peiyao Gao 2, Amin Chen 1, Feifan Wang 3, Fangzheng Guo 4, FengChao Wang 1 ∗ , and Qiang Zhang 1 ∗  \nStudies have shown that the prostaglandin (PG) family acts as an allergic inflammatory mediator in malignant diseases. Furthermore, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and its related receptors, as well as the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)/PGD2 receptor (PTGDR2), play irreplaceable roles in tumorigenesis and anti-tumor therapy. Several experiments have demonstrated that PGD2 signaling through PTGDR2 not only directly inhibits cancer cell survival, proliferation, and migration but also reduces resistance toward conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Recent studies from our and other laboratories have shown that PGD2, its ligands, and related metabolites can significantly alter the tumor microenvironment (TME) by promoting the secretion of chemokines and cytokines, thereby inhibiting tumor progression. Additionally, reduced PGD2 expression has been associated with poor prognosis in patients with gastric, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers, validating the preclinical findings and their clinical relevance. This review focuses on the current understanding of PGD2/PTGDR2 expression patterns and biological activity in cancer, proposing questions to guide the assessment of PGD2 and its receptors as potential targets for effective cancer therapies.  \nKeywords: Prostaglandins (PGs), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), PGD2 receptor (PTGDR2), inflammation, cancer, signaling pathway.  \nIntroduction  \nProstaglandins (PGs) are biologically active endogenous metabolites derived from arachidonic acid [1], which is catalyzed by cyclooxygenase (COX) to produce an intermediate called prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) . Subsequently, in the presence of other dehydrogenases, PGH2 is converted to other PGs, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostacyclin (PGI2), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), and thromboxane-A2  \n(TXA2), which then act through different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) [2](Figure 1). There are two isoforms of COX: COX-1 is the constitutive isoform that produces PGs, which maintain homeostasis and protect kidney and gastric tissues from damage [3] . Whereas COX-2 is the inducible isoform stimulated by inflammatory factors and produces PGs, which promote inflammatory response or form a tumor microenvironment (TME) [4, 5] . Increased levels of PGs have been detected in tracheal alveoli of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients [6] . Some studies have found that the use of COX-2 inhibitors in animal models prevented sepsis and increased its survival rate [7] . The above studies indicate that COX-2-mediated PG production is critical for the onset and progression of inflammation. The binding of PGs with their receptors activates the receptor and induces heterotrimeric G-protein complexes dissociation, thereby generating distinct signaling cascades [8] . PGE2 synthase catalyzes PGH2 to produce PGE2,  \na COX-2 product. PGE2 binds to its cognate G protein receptor family members (EP1, EP2, EP3, or EP4) to activate relevant signaling pathways that mediate inflammatory, neoplastic, and related immune responses [9] (Figure 2) . For example, PGE2 binding with EP1 activates protein kinase C (PKC)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/human forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) and EGFR/PI3K signaling pathways, which increases intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), thereby causing tumor growth and migration [10–12] . Whereas PGE2/EP2 binding promotes the expression of inflammatory factors, such as IL-1β and IL- 6[13] . Furthermore, PGE2 interacts with EP3/EP4 and activates ERK1/2, p53, and PKA/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, which promote cancer cell proliferation, migration, and growth [9, 14] . Moreover, PGE2 not only increases tumor proliferation, migration, and associated angiogenesis via related pathways, but it also reprograms cells (e.g., myeloid cells) t","cbCaivdKdL6xUzjb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivdKdL6xUzjb","pdf",1774354,13,"English","# Introduction\n## Prostaglandin biology and COX-dependent generation\n## PG receptor signaling via GPCRs\n## Roles of PGE2 receptors (EP1-EP4) in tumor-promoting pathways\n## PGD2 generation and PTGDR2-mediated anti-tumor effects\n## PGD2 links to tumor microenvironment remodeling and prognosis","[{\"question\":\"What roles do PGE2 and PGD2 signaling play in cancers?\",\"answer\":\"PGE2 and PGD2 signaling via their receptors are described as essential for tumorigenesis and for shaping anti-tumor therapy outcomes. The review links these pathways to cancer progression and immune-related responses.\"},{\"question\":\"How does PGD2/PTGDR2 signaling affect cancer cells and chemotherapy response?\",\"answer\":\"PGD2 signaling through PTGDR2 can directly inhibit cancer cell survival, proliferation, and migration. It is also reported to reduce resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents.\"},{\"question\":\"How does PGD2 influence the tumor microenvironment (TME)?\",\"answer\":\"PGD2 and its related ligands or metabolites can significantly alter the TME by promoting secretion of chemokines and cytokines. This remodeling is associated with inhibition of tumor progression.\"}]","Advances in PGD2/PTGDR2 signaling pathway in tumors - A review | PDF",1789992464,33]