[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-384449-105":59,"doc-detail-384449-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","advances-in-nk-cell-therapy-for-brain-tumors","Advances in NK cell therapy for brain tumors","","Despite multimodal treatment with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, many brain tumors—especially recurrent disease—still have poor outcomes. This review explains how the brain tumor microenvironment suppresses NK cell–mediated tumor control and summarizes strategies to engineer NK cell products that can overcome immune inhibition. It covers preclinical research across neuro-malignancies, advances in molecular imaging to monitor NK cell therapeutics, and summarizes current and ongoing NK cell clinical trials in neuro-oncology.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/advances-in-nk-cell-therapy-for-brain-tumors/384449/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/advances-in-nk-cell-therapy-for-brain-tumors/384449.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"CatatanPagi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-28","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why do many brain tumors remain difficult to treat despite surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Many remain incurable due to recurrence/progression, intra-tumoral heterogeneity, immune evasion, and limitations such as the blood–brain barrier that blocks access of systemic therapies. Long-term side effects and toxicity of systemic treatments further constrain options.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the brain tumor microenvironment suppress NK cell anti-tumor activity?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Brain tumor cells release chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors that reduce NK cytotoxicity and promote immune resistance. The microenvironment can deplete NK cell numbers after chemo-radiotherapy and drive NK functional changes, including reduced IFN-γ.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What approaches are discussed to advance NK cell therapy and clinical translation for neuro-oncology?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review highlights engineered NK cell products designed to subvert immune suppression, preclinical studies targeting neuro-malignancies, and molecular imaging advances that enable monitoring of infused NK cells. It also reviews current and ongoing NK cell-based clinical trials.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},384449,1790516712,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090894170,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","[www.nature.com/npjprecisiononcology](www.nature.com/npjprecisiononcology)  \nREVIEW ARTICLE OPEN   \nAdvances in NK cell therapy for brain tumors  \nJawad Fares1,2, Zachary B. Davis3, Julian S. Rechberger 4,5, Stephanie A. Toll 6, Jonathan D. Schwartz7, David J. Daniels4,5, Jeffrey S. Miller 3,8 ✉ and Soumen Khatua 7,8 ✉  \n|  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|  | Despite advances in treatment regimens that comprise surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, outcome of many brain tumors remains dismal, more so when they recur. The proximity of brain tumors to delicate neural structures often precludes complete surgical resection. Toxicity and long-term side effects of systemic therapy remain a concern. Novel therapies are warranted. The field of NK cell-based cancer therapy has grown exponentially and currently constitutes a major area of immunotherapy innovation. This provides a new avenue for the treatment of cancerous lesions in the brain. In this review, we explore the mechanisms by which the brain tumor microenvironment suppresses NK cell mediated tumor control, and the methods being used to create NK cell products that subvert immune suppression. We discuss the pre-clinical studies evaluating NK cell-based immunotherapies that target several neuro-malignancies and highlight advances in molecular imaging of NK cells that allow monitoring of NK cell-based |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n| therapeutics. We review current and ongoing NK cell based clinical trials in neuro-oncology. |  |  |\n|  | npj Precision Oncology (2023)7:17; [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41698-023-00356-1](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41698-023-00356-1) |  |\n|  |  |  |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nBrain tumors comprise 1.4% of all cancers, whose treatment options and survival outcomes vary depending on the type of brain tumor 1,2. Therapeutic advances in chemotherapy, radiation, and neurosurgical procedures have increased survival of patients with brain tumors3. Yet, malignancies like high-grade gliomas, medulloblastoma, and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) continue to portend dismal outcomes due to recurrence and/or progression4,5.  \nDespite aggressive treatment regimens that include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, many central nervous system (CNS) tumors remain incurable. Intra-tumoral heterogeneity and the ability of the brain tumor cells to evade the immune system and suppress anti-tumoral immunity are some of the important limitations1,6,7. Another major limitation to effective therapy is the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which blocks the access of most targeted drugs delivered systemically into tumor sites8, and the significant morbidity and concerning long-term side effects caused by current systemic therapeutic regimens. The lack of lymphatic drainage and low abundance of antigen-presenting cells seem to protect brain tumors from the immune system. However, preclinical, and translational studies in the past decade have changed this perception and showed an important role for immune cells in brain tumors7,9–13.  \nNatural killer (NK) cells are the predominant innate lymphocyte subset that mediate anti-tumor response. They are known to play important roles in anti-tumor immunity in various cancers 14, 15, and their efficacy against brain tumors has been shown in preclinical studies16–21. NK cell cytotoxicity against cancer cells involves the secretion of perforin, granzyme B22–24, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon (IFN-γ)25–27. As such, NK cell immunotherapy appears as a promising, novel treatment approach for brain tumors28.  \nThis review explores the role of NK cells in the brain tumor microenvironment, emphasizes preclinical research with NK cells, examines effects of NK-cell-based therapies in adult and pediatric patients with brain tumors, and discusses tracking the delivery of infused NK cells through molecular neuroimaging. Obstacles that lie ahead of NK cell therapy advanc","cbCaig9XU81y3Jjg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaig9XU81y3Jjg","pdf",1676373,17,"English","# Introduction\n## NK cells in the brain tumor microenvironment\n# NK cell cytotoxic mechanisms and immunosuppression\n## Future obstacles and directions","[{\"question\":\"Why do many brain tumors remain difficult to treat despite surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation?\",\"answer\":\"Many remain incurable due to recurrence/progression, intra-tumoral heterogeneity, immune evasion, and limitations such as the blood–brain barrier that blocks access of systemic therapies. Long-term side effects and toxicity of systemic treatments further constrain options.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the brain tumor microenvironment suppress NK cell anti-tumor activity?\",\"answer\":\"Brain tumor cells release chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors that reduce NK cytotoxicity and promote immune resistance. The microenvironment can deplete NK cell numbers after chemo-radiotherapy and drive NK functional changes, including reduced IFN-γ.\"},{\"question\":\"What approaches are discussed to advance NK cell therapy and clinical translation for neuro-oncology?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights engineered NK cell products designed to subvert immune suppression, preclinical studies targeting neuro-malignancies, and molecular imaging advances that enable monitoring of infused NK cells. It also reviews current and ongoing NK cell-based clinical trials.\"}]","Advances in NK cell therapy for brain tumors | PDF",1790263346,43]