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Limitations of conventional photosensitizers in practice—especially poor water solubility and insufficient tumor targeting—have accelerated the design of nanotechnology-based photosensitizers. This review synthesizes strategies to improve specificity and efficacy, alleviate hypoxic tumor microenvironment constraints, and address monotherapy resistance. It covers nanocarriers, active targeting ligands, energy-transfer innovations, responsive systems, and combination regimens, while highlighting major barriers for clinical translation and outlining future theranostic directions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/advances-in-nanomedicine-mediated-photodynamic-therapy-for-lung-cancer-challenges-and-perspectives/350881/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/advances-in-nanomedicine-mediated-photodynamic-therapy-for-lung-cancer-challenges-and-perspectives/350881.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Himbo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"Why is photodynamic therapy (PDT) considered promising for lung cancer?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"PDT provides minimal invasiveness, high selectivity, and compatibility with combination therapy. Its light-controlled activation enables spatial and temporal targeting that helps minimize damage to normal tissues.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"What main drawbacks of conventional photosensitizers limit clinical PDT?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Conventional photosensitizers suffer from poor aqueous solubility and inadequate tumor targeting specificity, leading to suboptimal biodistribution and reduced therapeutic efficacy.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"Which nanomedicine strategies are used to improve nano-PDT performance?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"The review discusses nanocarrier design, active targeting ligands, novel energy transfer methods, intelligent responsive systems, and combination therapies to enhance specificity, overcome hypoxia, and counter resistance.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},350881,1790119735,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},687197100911,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1785132997149421697","International Journal of Nanomedicine  \n Open Access Full Text Article  \nREVIEW  \nAdvances in Nanomedicine-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy for Lung Cancer:  \nChallenges and Perspectives  \nYumei Liao 1 , Shiyu Zhang 1 , Yan Liu 2 , Fengye Li 1 , Gongjun Zhang 1 , Hai Liu 2  \n1Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China  \nCorrespondence: Gongjun Zhang, Gannan Innovation and Translational Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China, Email [zhanggj@gimi.ac.cn](zhanggj@gimi.ac.cn); Hai Liu, College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People’s Republic of China,  \nEmail [liuhaiuser@163.com](liuhaiuser@163.com)  \n\n| Abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a precision modality based on photosensitizers, light, and oxygen, demonstrates unique advantages in lung cancer treatment. The limitations of traditional photosensitizers in clinical applications, including poor water solubility and insufficient targeting, have driven the development of nanotechnology and novel photosensitizers. Accordingly, this review elaborates on advanced strategies designed to enhance therapeutic specificity and efficacy, overcome the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) and combat monotherapy resistance. These strategies include the design of various nanocarriers, active targeting ligands, novel energy transfer methods, as well as intelligent responsive systems and combination therapies. Nevertheless, despite abundant preclinical achievements, the clinical translation of nano-PDT formulations faces significant obstacles. Future efforts should focus on developing theranostic platforms to rigorously evaluate clinical safety and efficacy, enable precision treatment, and decipher immunological synergy.\u003Cbr>Keywords: photodynamic therapy, nanomedicine, targeting ligands, responsive design, lung cancer |\n| --- |\n| Introduction\u003Cbr>Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies with the morbidity and mortality ranking first worldwide.1 According to the global data published in 2024, lung cancer accounts for about one in eight of the nearly 20 million new cancer cases. Among these cases, Asia accounts for 49 .2% of the morbidity and 56 . 1% of the mortality.2 In fact, the high incidence and mortality of lung cancer make it a major global public health problem.\u003Cbr>The pathogenesis of lung cancer is a complex process attributed to the combined effects of heredity, environment and living habits.3,4 However, many lung cancer patients are diagnosed at the middle or advanced stage, which poses considerable challenges to clinical treatment. The current therapies for lung cancer contain surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.5 But the conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy usually cause adverse effects like myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting and hair loss. Furthermore, chemotherapy frequently induces drug resistance, thereby limiting treatment options for recurrence or metastasis and diminishing long-term survival rates. The five-year survival rate for lung cancer varies globally, from 20–30% in China and the United States to under 10% in Brazil and India, highlighting a pressing clinical challenge that necessitates the exploration of innovative treatments.6\u003Cbr>Recently, PDT—a modality based on a drug-device combination—has attracted wide attention in lung cancer treatment. PDT is indicated for patients with inoperable early-stage lung cancer, as well as advanced cases requiring palliative care to alleviate symptoms.7 Compared with conventional therapies, PDT offers distinct advantages such as minimal invasiveness, high selectivity, and compatibility with combination therapy. Its capacity for precise spatial and temporal control of light activation enables effective tumor targeting while minimizing damage to normal tissues. |\n\n[https:/","cbCaipJSLprXDfdw","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipJSLprXDfdw","pdf",3927289,22,"English","# Introduction\n## Lung cancer burden and limitations of current therapies\n## PDT as a precision modality and its clinical role\n# Abstract","[{\"question\":\"Why is photodynamic therapy (PDT) considered promising for lung cancer?\",\"answer\":\"PDT provides minimal invasiveness, high selectivity, and compatibility with combination therapy. Its light-controlled activation enables spatial and temporal targeting that helps minimize damage to normal tissues.\"},{\"question\":\"What main drawbacks of conventional photosensitizers limit clinical PDT?\",\"answer\":\"Conventional photosensitizers suffer from poor aqueous solubility and inadequate tumor targeting specificity, leading to suboptimal biodistribution and reduced therapeutic efficacy.\"},{\"question\":\"Which nanomedicine strategies are used to improve nano-PDT performance?\",\"answer\":\"The review discusses nanocarrier design, active targeting ligands, novel energy transfer methods, intelligent responsive systems, and combination therapies to enhance specificity, overcome hypoxia, and counter resistance.\"}]","Advances in Nanomedicine-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy for Lung Cancer - Challenges and Perspectives | PDF",1790091641,55]