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The review summarizes key MS advances, including ion mobility separation MS for primary tumors and MALDI-MS, microfluidics-MS, and tandem MS for brain metastases, ending with conclusions and perspectives on software and structural databases for diagnostics.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/advances-in-mass-spectrometry-of-gangliosides-expressed-in-brain-cancers-review/333077/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/advances-in-mass-spectrometry-of-gangliosides-expressed-in-brain-cancers-review/333077.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Logic","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is mass spectrometry important for studying gangliosides in brain cancers?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Mass spectrometry is effective in gangliosidomics because it can characterize heterogeneous mixtures and detect species with biomarker value.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How do ganglioside patterns change in brain cancers?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Alterations in ganglioside profiles occur in brain cancers and are correlated with neoplastic transformation and with tumor proliferation.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Which mass spectrometry approaches are discussed for primary tumors versus brain metastases?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"For primary brain tumors, the review emphasizes mass spectrometry development and ion mobility separation MS. For brain metastases, it focuses on MALDI-MS, microfluidics-MS, and tandem MS to identify and structurally characterize metastatic-related species.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},333077,1790197960,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},1099513958762,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1784791008015729253","Review  \nAdvances in Mass Spectrometry of Gangliosides Expressed in Brain Cancers  \nMaria Roxana Biricioiu 1,2,†, Mirela Sarbu 1,†, Raluca Ica 1, Željka Vukeli´c 3, Svjetlana Kalanj-Bognar 4 and Alina D. Zamfir 1,5, *  \nCitation: Biricioiu, M.R.; Sarbu, M.; Ica, R.; Vukeli´c, Ž.; Kalanj-Bognar, S.; Zamfir, A.D. Advances in Mass Spectrometry of Gangliosides Expressed in Brain Cancers. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1335. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms25021335](10.3390/ijms25021335)  \nAcademic Editor: Alina Maria Holban  \nReceived: 5 December 2023  \nRevised: 15 January 2024  \nAccepted: 17 January 2024  \nPublished: 22 January 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter,  \n300224 Timisoara, Romania; [maria.biricioiu99@e-uvt.ro](maria.biricioiu99@e-uvt.ro) (M.R.B.); [mirela.sarbu86@yahoo.co.uk](mirela.sarbu86@yahoo.co.uk) (M.S.); [raluca.ica@gmail.com](raluca.ica@gmail.com) (R.I.)  \n2 Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania  \n3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [zeljka.vukelic@mef.hr](zeljka.vukelic@mef.hr)  \n4 Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [svjetlana.kalanj.bognar@mef.hr](svjetlana.kalanj.bognar@mef.hr)  \n5 Department of Technical and Natural Sciences,“Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad, 310330 Arad, Romania  \n* [Correspondence: alina.zamfir@uav.ro](Correspondence: alina.zamfir@uav.ro); Tel.: +40-256-494413 † These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nAbstract: Gangliosides are highly abundant in the human brain where they are involved in major biological events. In brain cancers, alterations of ganglioside pattern occur, some of which being correlated with neoplastic transformation, while others with tumor proliferation. Of all techniques, mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to be one of the most effective in gangliosidomics, due to its ability to characterize heterogeneous mixtures and discover species with biomarker value. This review highlights the most significant achievements of MS in the analysis of gangliosides in human brain cancers. The first part presents the latest state of MS development in the discovery of ganglioside markers in primary brain tumors, with a particular emphasis on the ion mobility separation (IMS) MSand its contribution to the elucidation of the gangliosidome associated with aggressive tumors. The second part is focused on MS of gangliosides in brain metastases, highlighting the ability of matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS, microfluidics-MS and tandem MS to decipher and structurally characterize species involved in the metastatic process. In the end, several conclusionsand perspectives are presented, among which the need for development of reliable software and a user-friendly structural database as a search platform in brain tumor diagnostics.  \nKeywords: brain cancers; gangliosides; mass spectrometry; biomarker discovery; screening; structural analysis  \n1. Introduction  \nGangliosides represent a class of glycosphingolipids that are mainly located in the outer layer of the plasma membrane and possess remarkable functions in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) [1–3] . A ganglioside molecule encompasses a hydrophilic O-glycan sequence and a hydrophobic lipid part, i.e., the ceramide (Cer) moiety, which contains a sphingoid base and a fatty acid chain.  \nSimilarly to other glycosphingolipids, the synthesis of gangliosides is initiated in the endoplasm","cbCaibAaluiRJyAa","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibAaluiRJyAa","pdf",4314221,34,"English","# Introduction\n## Gangliosides in the nervous system and cancer\n# Mass spectrometry in gangliosidomics\n## Ion mobility separation MS for primary tumors\n## MALDI-MS, microfluidics-MS and tandem MS for brain metastases\n# Conclusions and perspectives\n## Need for reliable software and structural databases","[{\"question\":\"Why is mass spectrometry important for studying gangliosides in brain cancers?\",\"answer\":\"Mass spectrometry is effective in gangliosidomics because it can characterize heterogeneous mixtures and detect species with biomarker value.\"},{\"question\":\"How do ganglioside patterns change in brain cancers?\",\"answer\":\"Alterations in ganglioside profiles occur in brain cancers and are correlated with neoplastic transformation and with tumor proliferation.\"},{\"question\":\"Which mass spectrometry approaches are discussed for primary tumors versus brain metastases?\",\"answer\":\"For primary brain tumors, the review emphasizes mass spectrometry development and ion mobility separation MS. For brain metastases, it focuses on MALDI-MS, microfluidics-MS, and tandem MS to identify and structurally characterize metastatic-related species.\"}]","Advances in Mass Spectrometry of Gangliosides Expressed in Brain Cancers - Review | PDF",1790000746,86]