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Microbiota have been implicated in prostate cancer occurrence, progression, and therapy response through mechanisms involving chronic inflammation, immune microenvironment remodeling, and metabolite-driven hormonal and epigenetic regulation. Clinical translation highlights urinary microbiome profiling with metabolomics for diagnosis and gut-flora modulation to support resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Key obstacles include low-biomass sequencing accuracy, limited causal validation models, and cohort heterogeneity, supporting future multi-omics integration toward personalized, microorganism-targeted strategies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/advances-in-human-microbiome-and-prostate-cancer-research/365321/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/advances-in-human-microbiome-and-prostate-cancer-research/365321.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jake","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"How does the microbiome contribute to prostate cancer progression?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"Evidence links microbiota to tumor progression by promoting chronic inflammation, activating signaling pathways such as NF-κB/STAT3, and reshaping the immune microenvironment.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"Which sequencing approaches are discussed for microbiome studies in prostate cancer?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"The review discusses 16S rRNA sequencing and macrogenomics (whole genome sequencing), including how each method characterizes microbial composition and functions.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What clinical applications are proposed for translating microbiome findings?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Urinary microbiota characterization combined with metabolomics may improve diagnostic specificity, while gut-flora modulation such as probiotics or fecal transplants may help improve resistance to androgen deprivation therapy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},365321,1790198755,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":138,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":139,"faqs":140,"seo_title":141,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":142,"read_time":143},962084928904,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","TYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 14 April 2025  \nDOI 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1576679  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nFrancisco Jose Roig,  \nUniversidad San Jorge, Spain  \nREVIEWED BY  \nElopy Sibanda,  \nNational University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe  \nAntonio Mariotti,  \nInstituto Srio-Libanˆes de Ensino e Pesquisa (IEP), Brazil  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nLei Liu  \n [liulei3113@jlu.edu.cn](liulei3113@jlu.edu.cn)[ ](liulei3113@jlu.edu.cn)Yuping Han  \n [hanyuping1998@jlu.edu.cn](hanyuping1998@jlu.edu.cn)  \nRECEIVED 14 February 2025  \nACCEPTED 26 March 2025  \nPUBLISHED 14 April 2025  \nCORRECTED 09 June 2025  \nCITATION  \nPei X, Liu L and Han Y (2025)  \nAdvances in human microbiome and prostate cancer research.  \nFront. Immunol. 16:1576679 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1576679  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Pei, Liu and Han. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nAdvances in human microbiome and prostate cancer research  \nXin Pei 1, Lei Liu 2* and Yuping Han 1*  \n1 Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China, 2 Department of Endocrine, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China  \nProstate cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignant tumor in men worldwide, and its metastatic and heterogeneous nature makes it significantly more difficult to treat. Recent studies have revealed the critical role of microbiota in PCa occurrence, progression, and treatment. Accumulating evidence from 16SrRNA and metagenomic sequencing suggests the presence of specific microbiota in prostate tissues and macrogenomics techniques: cancerous tissues are enriched with pro-inflammatory genera (e.g., Fusobacterium, Propionibacterium acnes), whereas commensal bacteria (e. g., Pseudomonas) are more common in paracancerous tissues. The microbiota drive tumor progression through activation of the NF-kB/STAT3 pathway to induce chronic inflammation, modulation of the immune microenvironment (e.g., Treg/Th17 imbalance and M2-type macrophage polarization), and metabolite (e.g., LPS, short-chain fatty acids)–mediated hormonal and epigenetic regulation. In terms of clinical translation, urinary microbiota characterization combined with metabolomics analysis may enhance diagnostic specificity, while gut flora modulation (e.g., probiotic interventions or fecal transplants) may improve resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Current challenges include sequencing accuracy of low-biomass samples, limitations of causal mechanism validation models, and large cohort heterogeneity. In the future, it will be necessary to integrate multi-omics technologies to explore the bidirectional regulation of the “gut-prostate axis” and develop personalized therapeutic strategies targeting microorganisms. In this paper, we systematically review the interactions between microbiota and PCa and their clinical potentials to provide a theoretical basis for precision diagnosis and treatment.  \nKEYWORDS  \nprostate cancer, urinary microbiome, gut-prostate axis, tumor microenvironment, microbiome  \n1 Introduction  \nAccording to GLOBOCAN data in 2023, prostate cancer (PCa) ranks as the second most common cancer incidence and fifth most common mortality in men worldwide, and is high on the list of urologic tumors (1). Clinical staging includes both limited (early) and metastatic (advanced) PCa, with early stage patients having a high 5-year survival rate, but approximately one-third progressing to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), leading to a significant  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \nincrease in therapeutic difficulty. T","cbCaig8r2dOPTGg9","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaig8r2dOPTGg9","pdf",390292,"English","# Introduction\n## Differences in the microbiome of prostate tissue\n### Characterization of the microbiome of the healthy prostate gland","[{\"question\":\"How does the microbiome contribute to prostate cancer progression?\",\"answer\":\"Evidence links microbiota to tumor progression by promoting chronic inflammation, activating signaling pathways such as NF-κB/STAT3, and reshaping the immune microenvironment.\"},{\"question\":\"Which sequencing approaches are discussed for microbiome studies in prostate cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The review discusses 16S rRNA sequencing and macrogenomics (whole genome sequencing), including how each method characterizes microbial composition and functions.\"},{\"question\":\"What clinical applications are proposed for translating microbiome findings?\",\"answer\":\"Urinary microbiota characterization combined with metabolomics may improve diagnostic specificity, while gut-flora modulation such as probiotics or fecal transplants may help improve resistance to androgen deprivation therapy.\"}]","Advances in human microbiome and prostate cancer research | PDF",1790160644,15]