[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-331879-en":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":31,"doc-seo-331879-105":79},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30,"preview_page_count":4},331879,549758146520,"Patrick","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80002397d8c0411e94?_k=1775819394049821470",8,"Research & Report","Advances in Cancer Research: Current and Future Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies - Review","Cancers of unknown primary (CUP) show marked cellular heterogeneity and aggressive behavior, creating major difficulties for diagnosis and treatment. Progress in imaging, pathology, and genetic profiling has improved understanding through interdisciplinary advances, yet insidious onset and limited evidence-based clinical knowledge still hinder effective care. Recent work highlights diagnostic technologies such as 18F-FDG PET/CT, 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT, liquid biopsy, molecular diagnostics, self-assembling nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence. Current and emerging therapies include targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and bio-nanotechnology-based therapeutics, with future directions discussed.","biosensors  \nReview  \nAdvances in Cancer Research: Current and Future Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies  \nXiaohui Liu *, Hui Jiang   \nCitation: Liu, X.; Jiang, H.; Wang, X. Advances in Cancer Research:  \nCurrent and Future Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies. Biosensors 2024, 14, 100. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/bios14020100](10.3390/bios14020100)  \nReceived: 5 December 2023  \nRevised: 23 January 2024  \nAccepted: 6 February 2024  \nPublished: 16 February 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nand Xuemei Wang *  \nState Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; [sungi@seu.edu.cn](sungi@seu.edu.cn)  \n* Correspondence: [101013182@seu.edu.cn](101013182@seu.edu.cn) (X.L.); [xuewang@seu.edu.cn](xuewang@seu.edu.cn) (X.W.)  \nAbstract: Cancers of unknown primary (CUP) exhibit significant cellular heterogeneity and malignancy, which poses significant challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Recent years have seen deeper insights into the imaging, pathology, and genetic characteristics of CUP, driven by interdisciplinary collaboration and the evolution of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. However, due to their insidious onset, lack of evidence-based medicine, and limited clinical understanding, diagnosing and treating CUP remain a significant challenge. To inspire more creative and fantastic research, herein, wereport and highlight recent advances in the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of CUP. Specifically, we discuss advanced diagnostic technologies, including 12-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose integrated with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) or 68Ga-FAPI (fibroblast activation protein inhibitor) PET/CT, liquid biopsy, molecular diagnostics, self-assembling nanotechnology, and artificial intelligence (AI) . In particular, the discussion will extend to the effective treatment techniques currently available, such as targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and bio-nanotechnology-based therapeutics. Finally, a novel perspective on the challenges and directions for future CUP diagnostic and therapeutic strategies is discussed.  \nKeywords: cancers of unknown primary (CUP); diagnostics; targeted therapy; bio-nanotechnology; artificial intelligence (AI); microfluidic  \n1. Introduction  \nIn the oncological diagnostic and treatment system, identifying the primary site is fundamental for standardized treatment. Yet, 3–5% of cancers remain with undetermined primary sites after pathological diagnosis, classified as CUP [1] . CUP’s incidence ranges from 6 to 16 per 100,000, accounting for 2.3% to 7.8% of all malignant tumors, and it ranks fourth in mortality. The discovery of the primary site poses a significant challenge due toa lack of effective detection methods [2] . As a result, 20–50% of patients do not have an identifiable primary site, and most CUP primary lesions found during autopsies are less than 1 cm, undetectable by current technologies [3–5] . Hence, summarizing and discussing the research progress in early detection, precise diagnosis, and targeted treatment strategies for CUP are of paramount importance (Figure 1) .  \nAnother major challenge is the treatment and prognosis of CUP patients, with median survival rates reported between 2 and 12 months [6] . Treatment primarily involves empirical chemotherapy (e.g., taxane and platinum-based regimens), resulting in generally poor prognoses [7] . Thus, it is urgent to identify the primary site and understand the cancer’s origin and tissue type, which enables treatment according to the type of primary cancer, ","cbCaiv5FzgMM6hJe","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiv5FzgMM6hJe","pdf",19254141,10,1,20,"English","en",105,"# 1. Introduction\n# 2. Diagnostic Techniques for Cancers of Unknown Primary (CUP)\n## Clinical imaging tests (X-ray, CT, MRI, PET/CT)\n## Challenges in CUP diagnosis","[{\"question\":\"What treatment strategies are discussed for CUP patients?\",\"answer\":\"Discussed strategies include targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and bio-nanotechnology-based therapeutics. The text also contrasts these with empirical chemotherapy as the current common approach, associated with generally poor prognosis.\"}]","Advances in Cancer Research: Current and Future Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies - Review | PDF",1789995607,50,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":32},[33,38,43,48,53,57,62,65,69,72,75],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":49,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":50,"show_sort_weight":51,"slug":52},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":54,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":55,"show_sort_weight":30,"slug":56},6,"Technology","technology",{"id":58,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":59,"show_sort_weight":60,"slug":61},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":63,"slug":64},30,"research-report",{"id":66,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":67,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":68},9,"Religion & Spirituality","religion-spirituality",{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":70,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":71},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":73,"show_sort_weight":20,"slug":74},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":76,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":77,"show_sort_weight":49,"slug":78},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":80,"data":81},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":82,"title":13,"keywords":83,"description":14,"schema_data":84,"social_meta":130,"head_meta":132,"extra_data":134,"updated_unix":135},"advances-in-cancer-research-current-and-future-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-strategies-review","",{"@graph":85,"@context":129},[86,100,120],{"@type":87,"itemListElement":88},"BreadcrumbList",[89,93,95,98],{"item":90,"name":91,"@type":92,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":94,"name":34,"@type":92,"position":39},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":96,"name":12,"@type":92,"position":97},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":99,"name":13,"@type":92,"position":44},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/advances-in-cancer-research-current-and-future-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-strategies-review/331879/",{"url":99,"name":13,"@type":101,"image":102,"author":107,"headline":13,"publisher":109,"fileFormat":112,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":113,"datePublished":114,"encodingFormat":112,"isAccessibleForFree":115,"interactionStatistic":116},"DigitalDocument",{"url":103,"@type":104,"width":105,"height":106},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/advances-in-cancer-research-current-and-future-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-strategies-review/331879.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":9,"@type":108},"Person",{"url":90,"name":110,"@type":111},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":117,"interactionType":118,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":119},"ViewAction",{"@type":121,"mainEntity":122},"FAQPage",[123],{"name":124,"@type":125,"acceptedAnswer":126},"What treatment strategies are discussed for CUP patients?","Question",{"text":127,"@type":128},"Discussed strategies include targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and bio-nanotechnology-based therapeutics. The text also contrasts these with empirical chemotherapy as the current common approach, associated with generally poor prognosis.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":99,"og:type":131,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":110,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":133,"canonical":99},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},1790194432]