[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-detail-331445-en":59,"doc-seo-331445-105":81},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":60},{"doc_id":61,"user_id":62,"nickname":63,"user_avatar":64,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":66,"doc_content":67,"file_id":68,"file_url":69,"file_type":70,"file_size":71,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":72,"language":73,"language_code":74,"site_id":75,"html_lang":74,"table_of_contents":76,"faqs":77,"seo_title":78,"seo_description":66,"update_tm":79,"read_time":80,"preview_page_count":4},331445,687197207057,"Sage","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Advancements in Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer - A Review","Prostate cancer is among the most prevalent and deadly cancers in men, with substantial global mortality and morbidity, especially in men of African descent. The disease ranges from slow-progressing to highly aggressive or fatal variants, making accurate risk stratification essential for treatment selection and trial design. This review surveys diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers used in guidelines, including PHI, 4Kscore, STHLM3, PCA3, SelectMDx, ExoDx Prostate Intelliscore, and MiPS, and discusses emerging markers such as urinary non-coding RNAs, DNA methylation, and tumor-associated microbiota.","Advancements in Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer: A Review  \nPraise Agbetuyi-Tayo, MS 1,2 , Mary Gbadebo, MS 1,2,  \nOluwakemiA. Rotimi, MS, PhD 1,2 , and Solomon O. Rotimi, MS, PhD 1,2  \nTechnology in Cancer Research & Treatment  \nVolume 23: 1-13  \n© The Author(s) 2024  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[DOI: 10.1177/15330338241290029](DOI: 10.1177/15330338241290029)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/15330338241290029)[journals.sagepub.com/home/tct](journals.sagepub.com/home/tct)  \nAbstract  \nProstate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent and deadly cancers among men, particularly affecting men of African descent and contributing significantly to cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. The disease varies widely, from slow-developing forms to highly aggressive or potentially fatal variants. Accurate risk stratification is crucial for making therapeutic decisions and designing adequate clinical trials. This review assesses a broad spectrum of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, many of which are incorporated into clinical guidelines, including the Prostate Health Index (PHI), 4Kscore, STHLM3, PCA3, SelectMDx, ExoDx Prostate Intelliscore (EPI), and MiPS. It also highlights emerging biomarkers with preclinical support, such as urinary non-coding RNAs and DNA methylation patterns. Additionally, the review explores the role of tumor-associated microbiota in PCa, offering new insights into its potential contributions to disease understanding. By examining the latest advancements in PCa biomarkers, this review enhances understanding their roles in disease management.  \nKeywords  \nprostate cancer, biomarkers, early detection, aggressive, prostate-specific antigen, Gleason score  \nAbbreviations  \nPCa, Prostate Cancer; PSA, Prostate Specific Antigen; PHI, Prostate Health Index; HGPC, High grade prostate cancer; BPH, Benign Prostate Hyperplasia; ROC, Receiver Operator Curve; AUC, Area Under Curve; TMPRSS2-ERG, Transmembrane Protease Serine 2 -ETS-Related Gene; PCA3, Prostate Cancer Antigen-3; GOAT, Ghrelin O-acetyltransferase; S3M, Stockholm-3 model; EPI, ExoDx Prostate Intelliscore; MiPS, Michighan Prostate Score  \nReceived: July 10, 2024; Revised: September 1, 2024; Accepted: September 18, 2024.  \nBackground  \nProstate cancer (PCa) is a severe global health problem, the second most prevalent cancer in men and the leading malignancy among men of African descent, with an increase in mortality rates. 1,2 Although men diagnosed with early-stage PCa have a 99% survival rate, those diagnosed at a later stage experience a significantly lower 5-year survival rate of 30%, along with a concomitant decline in quality of life.3 These stark differences in survival rates highlight the critical need for biomarkers that can efficiently detect PCa early and accurately stratify the disease’s aggressiveness.4 The discovery of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a diagnostic biomarker represents a watershed in the early detection of PCa.  \nAs a widely used biomarker for PCa screening, PSA lacks disease specificity, leading to several limitations, such as an inability to distinguish between clinically significant and insignificant PCa.5 Despite its effectiveness in reducing PCa  \nmortality, PSA-based screening has raised concerns about overdiagnosis and overtreatment, particularly due to the difficulty in differentiating between indolent and aggressive forms of the disease.6,7 In an attempt to address the PSA challenge, other tests like Prostate Health Index (PHI) and 4Kscore combines PSA-based markers with clinical information like digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate size, PSA density, and age, thereby enhancing PCa detection.8  \n1 Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria  \n2 Covenant Applied Informatics and Communication Africa Centre of Excellence (CApIC-ACE), Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria  \nCorresponding Author:  \nOluwakemi A. Rotimi, Departm","cbCaiomx5u257lJG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiomx5u257lJG","pdf",900488,13,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n## Background\n## Conventional Biomarkers for PCa\n## Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Based Biomarkers","[{\"question\":\"Why are biomarkers crucial in prostate cancer management?\",\"answer\":\"Biomarkers enable early and accurate detection and support risk stratification of disease aggressiveness, which is essential for appropriate therapeutic decisions and clinical trial design.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the limitations of PSA as a prostate cancer screening biomarker?\",\"answer\":\"PSA lacks disease specificity, making it difficult to distinguish clinically significant from insignificant disease, and it raises concerns about overdiagnosis and overtreatment due to limited discrimination between indolent and aggressive forms.\"},{\"question\":\"Which biomarkers are included in this review?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers clinically used diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers such as PHI, 4Kscore, STHLM3, PCA3, SelectMDx, ExoDx Prostate Intelliscore, and MiPS, and also highlights emerging options supported by preclinical evidence.\"}]","Advancements in Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer - A Review | PDF",1789993283,33,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"ok",{"site_id":75,"language":74,"slug":84,"title":65,"keywords":85,"description":66,"schema_data":86,"social_meta":140,"head_meta":142,"extra_data":144,"updated_unix":145},"advancements-in-biomarkers-of-prostate-cancer-a-review","",{"@graph":87,"@context":139},[88,102,122],{"@type":89,"itemListElement":90},"BreadcrumbList",[91,95,97,100],{"item":92,"name":93,"@type":94,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":96,"name":9,"@type":94,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":98,"name":40,"@type":94,"position":99},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":101,"name":65,"@type":94,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/advancements-in-biomarkers-of-prostate-cancer-a-review/331445/",{"url":101,"name":65,"@type":103,"image":104,"author":109,"headline":65,"publisher":111,"fileFormat":114,"inLanguage":74,"description":66,"dateModified":115,"datePublished":116,"encodingFormat":114,"isAccessibleForFree":117,"interactionStatistic":118},"DigitalDocument",{"url":105,"@type":106,"width":107,"height":108},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/advancements-in-biomarkers-of-prostate-cancer-a-review/331445.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":63,"@type":110},"Person",{"url":92,"name":112,"@type":113},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":119,"interactionType":120,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":121},"ViewAction",{"@type":123,"mainEntity":124},"FAQPage",[125,131,135],{"name":126,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":128},"Why are biomarkers crucial in prostate cancer management?","Question",{"text":129,"@type":130},"Biomarkers enable early and accurate detection and support risk stratification of disease aggressiveness, which is essential for appropriate therapeutic decisions and clinical trial design.","Answer",{"name":132,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":133},"What are the limitations of PSA as a prostate cancer screening biomarker?",{"text":134,"@type":130},"PSA lacks disease specificity, making it difficult to distinguish clinically significant from insignificant disease, and it raises concerns about overdiagnosis and overtreatment due to limited discrimination between indolent and aggressive forms.",{"name":136,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":137},"Which biomarkers are included in this review?",{"text":138,"@type":130},"The review covers clinically used diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers such as PHI, 4Kscore, STHLM3, PCA3, SelectMDx, ExoDx Prostate Intelliscore, and MiPS, and also highlights emerging options supported by preclinical evidence.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":101,"og:type":141,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":112,"og:description":66},"article",{"robots":143,"canonical":101},"index,follow",{"doc_id":61,"site_id":75},1790167211]