[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-354193-105":59,"doc-detail-354193-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","advanced-3d-cancer-models-for-analyzing-tumor-immune-cell-interaction-and-therapeutic-response","Advanced 3D cancer models for analyzing tumor-immune cell interaction and therapeutic response","","Immunotherapy reshapes cancer treatment by harnessing a patient’s own immune system to attack tumor cells, yet solid tumors often fail to sustain effective antitumor immunity. This limitation is linked to the tumor microenvironment, including poor immune-cell infiltration and heterogeneous tumor-antigen expression, creating an immunosuppressive landscape. The review connects these immune microenvironment features to weak therapeutic outcomes and explains how advanced 3D cancer models dissect tumor tissue, support study of progression and resistance, and speed development and screening of strategies targeting immunosuppression.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/advanced-3d-cancer-models-for-analyzing-tumor-immune-cell-interaction-and-therapeutic-response/354193/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/advanced-3d-cancer-models-for-analyzing-tumor-immune-cell-interaction-and-therapeutic-response/354193.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cipher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-26","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does immunotherapy show limited success in solid tumors?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Solid tumors often cannot sustain effective antitumor immune responses due to intrinsic tumor microenvironment features, including limited immune-cell infiltration and variable tumor-antigen expression that create immunosuppression.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What do advanced 3D cancer models enable researchers to study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"They provide a platform to deconstruct tumor tissues and examine disease progression and resistance to treatment in a physiologically relevant context.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How are advanced 3D models used to improve therapeutic development?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"They help identify drivers of immune evasion and accelerate the development and screening of therapeutic strategies targeting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},354193,1790149183,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31},687208528416,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Jeevanandan et al. Molecular Cancer (2026) 25:132 Molecular Cancer  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-026-02681-y](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-026-02681-y)  \nREVIEW Open Access  \nAdvanced 3D cancer models for analyzing tumor-immune cell interaction and therapeutic response  \nSree Priyanka Jeevanandan1, Eileen Reidy2,3,4, Julien Clegg1, Rodrigo Curvello1, Aideen E Ryan2,4,5 and Daniela Loessner 1,6,7,8*  \nAbstract  \nImmunotherapy is transforming the treatment of cancer by activating and directing a patient’s own immune response to target tumor cells. In solid tumors, however, there has been limited success in sustaining antitumor immune responses. This is attributed to the intrinsic features of the tumor microenvironment, includingthe lack of infiltrating immune cells and varying expression of tumor antigens, forming an immunosuppressive landscape. Despite recent advances, we do not fully understand how the immune components of the tumor microenvironment are linked to ineffective treatment outcomes. Advanced 3D cancer models offer a platform to deconstruct tumor tissues and study disease progression and resistance to treatment, helping to uncover drivers of immune evasion in a physiologically relevant context. Here, we discuss aspects of the tumor immune microenvironment in selected solid tumors defined by distinct immunosuppressive features that dictate response to immunotherapy. We highlight how advanced 3D cancer models accelerate the development and screening of therapeutic strategies that target the immunosuppressive microenvironment.  \nKeywords Solid tumors, 3D cancer models, Tumor microenvironment, Immunosuppression, Immunotherapy  \n*Correspondence:  \nDaniela Loessner  \n[daniela.loessner@monash.edu](daniela.loessner@monash.edu)  \n1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia  \n2Discipline of Advanced Therapies and Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland  \n3Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland  \n4Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland  \n5Institute for Clinical Trials, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland 6Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia  \n7Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia  \n8Division of Polymer Biomaterials Science, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany  \nIntroduction  \nCancer is one of the leading causes of deaths globally [1]. Solid tumors remain major contributors to cancerrelated mortality, largely due to therapeutic resistance and the biological heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) [1, 2]. In particular, the incidence of solid tumors continues to rise, while conventional treatment approaches using chemotherapy and surgery fail to achieve sufficient clinical benefits [2]. Among those, colorectal, pancreatic and ovarian cancers hold a distinct clinical and biological significance, accounting for more than 11–12% of all cancer cases [1]. Specifically, colorectal cancer is expected to account for about 158,850 new cases and 55,230 deaths, making it the second most common cancer type in the United States, worryingly ranking highest in those under 50 years of age [1,  \n© The Author(s) 2026. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modi","cbCaigGKFZxw6AiK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigGKFZxw6AiK","pdf",3413565,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why does immunotherapy show limited success in solid tumors?\",\"answer\":\"Solid tumors often cannot sustain effective antitumor immune responses due to intrinsic tumor microenvironment features, including limited immune-cell infiltration and variable tumor-antigen expression that create immunosuppression.\"},{\"question\":\"What do advanced 3D cancer models enable researchers to study?\",\"answer\":\"They provide a platform to deconstruct tumor tissues and examine disease progression and resistance to treatment in a physiologically relevant context.\"},{\"question\":\"How are advanced 3D models used to improve therapeutic development?\",\"answer\":\"They help identify drivers of immune evasion and accelerate the development and screening of therapeutic strategies targeting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.\"}]","Advanced 3D cancer models for analyzing tumor-immune cell interaction and therapeutic response | PDF",1790109406]