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Covers experiments leading to the conclusion that DNA is the hereditary substance, including key roles of Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase, Watson and Crick, and Rosalind Franklin. Explains nucleotide types, base-pairing rules, hydrogen bonding, DNA structure, and how replication preserves information via semi-conservative copying and enzyme processes. Includes transcription, translation overview through the central dogma, introns and exons, protein synthesis steps, and multiple mutation categories with their effects.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/adv-biology-dna-and-rna-study-guide-chapter-12/408898/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/adv-biology-dna-and-rna-study-guide-chapter-12/408898.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rainbow Cat","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What experiments led to DNA being identified as the hereditary material?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The guide notes that DNA being the genetic code involved many experiments, including the work of Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase, and Watson and Crick. It also contrasts earlier assumptions that proteins were the genetic material.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do the base-pairing rules and hydrogen bonding differ between DNA and RNA?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"For DNA, adenine pairs with thymine via double hydrogen bonding, and guanine pairs with cytosine via triple hydrogen bonding. For RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil, so adenine pairs with uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are the major differences between DNA and RNA?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The guide lists: RNA has ribose while DNA has deoxyribose, RNA uses uracil instead of thymine, and RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},408898,1790719301,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962090769181,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Adv Biology: DNA and RNA Study Guide  \n• Chapter 12  \n• Vocabulary-Notes  \n• What experiments led up to the discovery of DNA being the hereditary material?  \no The discovery that DNA is the genetic code involved many experiments.  \n􀀡 Experiments by Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase, Watson and Crick.  \no Proteins thought to be genetic material before discovery.  \n• Know what the following scientists did: Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase, Watson and Crick, and Rosalind Franklin  \n• Know the scientists and what they did to determine that DNA was the heredity molecule and the scientists that discovered the structure of DNA.  \n• Bacteriophage – used in Griffith’s experiment  \n• Nucleotides: the different kinds for DNA and RNA  \no There are 4 different kinds of nucleotides – the only difference is the type of nitrogenous base: thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine . In RNA there is Uracil instead of thymine .  \n• What are the base-pairing rules?  \no DNA  \n􀀡 Adenine pairs with Thymine  \n􀀡 Guanine pairs with Cytosine  \no RNA – no Thymine, but Uracil  \n􀀡 Adenine pairs with Uracil  \n􀀡 Guanine pairs with Cytosine  \n• Hydrogen bonding: double and triple bonds  \no Adenine pairs with Thymine forming a double hydrogen bond  \no Cytosine pairs with Guanine forming a triple hydrogen bond  \no What is the structure of DNA?  \no DNA – 3 parts  \n􀀡 Phosphate group  \n􀀡 Sugar (dexoyribose)  \n􀀡 Nitrogenous bases (A,T, G, and C)  \n• How does the structure of DNA enable it to reproduce itself accurately?  \no Each strand acts as a template for building a new identical strand of DNA with the help of many enzymes.  \n• Semi-conservative – only half of the original DNA molecule is conserved in each new strand. In DNA replication there are two identical copies (strands) of DNA, Each new molecule consists of a new and original strand.  \n• How does replication occur? What are the steps?  \n• Main Idea – DNA replicated by making a strand that is complementary to each original strand.  \n• Helicase and ligase  \no Helicase – unwinds the DNA Double Helix and breaks the hydrogen bonds between each nitrogenous base this splitting the molecule into two. The splitting region is called the replication fork (origin of replication) . Since DNA is so big, multiple origins of replication (helicase) are formed to speedup replication.  \no Ligase – an enzyme that bonds or glues segments (Okazaki fragments) together  \n• Okazaki fragments – In DNA replication, one strand, the leading strand, is made continuosly, the other is built in fragments called Okazaki fragments, which are bonded by ligase.  \n• DNA orientation (5’and 3’)– DNA polymerase always moves along the original DNA in the 3’to 5’direction .  \n• DNA replication  \n• DNA polymerase – In DNA replication, 2 enzymes of DNA polymerase attatch to each strand and move along the molecule, base by base, adding the appropriate nitrogenous bases each time (A w/T and C w/ G) .  \n• Prokaryotic replication-  \n• RNA polymerase – transcription requires this enzyme, which is similar to DNA polymerase. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.  \n• Central Dogma  \nTranscription Translation  \no DNA 􀀢 RNA 􀀢 Protein  \nReplication  \n• Introns and exons  \no Introns – the DNA of eukaryotic cells contain these gene sequences of nucleotides, which are not involved in the coding for proteins .  \no Exons – the DNA sequence that code for proteins , because they are expressed in proteins.  \n• What are the differences between DNA and RNA?  \n1. RNA has ribose, while DNA has Dexoyribose.  \n2. RNA has Uracil, while DNA has Thymine.  \n3. RNA is a single stranded nucleic acid, while DNA DNA is double stranded.  \nWhat are the steps involved in protein synthesis? (See Below)  \n• What are the different kinds of mutations?  \no Gene mutations – changes in single genes:  \n􀀡 Point mutations – changes that i","cbCaigTHVkn4qCmt","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigTHVkn4qCmt","pdf",3360130,11,"English","# Chapter 12\n## Vocabulary-Notes\n## DNA and RNA concepts\n## DNA replication steps\n## Transcription, translation and central dogma\n## Introns and exons\n## Mutations and their effects","[{\"question\":\"What experiments led to DNA being identified as the hereditary material?\",\"answer\":\"The guide notes that DNA being the genetic code involved many experiments, including the work of Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase, and Watson and Crick. It also contrasts earlier assumptions that proteins were the genetic material.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the base-pairing rules and hydrogen bonding differ between DNA and RNA?\",\"answer\":\"For DNA, adenine pairs with thymine via double hydrogen bonding, and guanine pairs with cytosine via triple hydrogen bonding. For RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil, so adenine pairs with uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the major differences between DNA and RNA?\",\"answer\":\"The guide lists: RNA has ribose while DNA has deoxyribose, RNA uses uracil instead of thymine, and RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded.\"}]","Adv Biology: DNA and RNA Study Guide - Chapter 12 | PDF",1790580893,28]