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It outlines the demanding, multi-component nature of writing, covering discourse knowledge, cognitive process strategies, motivation and self-efficacy, self-regulation, and basic writing and digital literacy skills. Emphasis is placed on strategy instruction, ending with practical guidance and implications for instructors.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/adult-literacy-education-fall-2023-research-digest-writing-instruction-for-adult-education-learners/589252/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/adult-literacy-education-fall-2023-research-digest-writing-instruction-for-adult-education-learners/589252.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Đào","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the focus of this research digest on adult education learners?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It provides a brief review of research on adult learners’ writing knowledge, skills, and strategies, and on instruction designed for their needs. The emphasis is on strategy instruction.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What components and processes of writing does the digest describe?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It presents writing as a demanding, complex activity involving discourse knowledge, cognitive process strategies, motivation and self-efficacy, self-regulation, basic writing skills, and digital literacy skills.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does strategy instruction relate to writing quality and reading comprehension?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Evidencebased writing practice centers around strategy instruction. The digest notes that such instruction has been shown to enhance writing quality and also supports reading comprehension.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589252,1792193053,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1374402968488,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","ADULT LITERACY EDUCATION FALL 2023  \n| [http://doi.org/10.35847/CPuranik. DGreenberg.CMacArthur.ZPhilippakos.5.3.73](http://doi.org/10.35847/CPuranik. DGreenberg.CMacArthur.ZPhilippakos.5.3.73) |  |\n| --- | --- |\n|  | Research Digest |\n\nWriting Instruction for Adult Education Learners  \nCynthia Puranik and Daphne Greenberg, Georgia State University Charles MacArthur, University of Delaware  \nZoi Philippakos, University of Tennessee  \nWriting is a critical skill that is considered important for employment, further education, civic participation, health, and personal fulfillment. For example, a substantial percent of nearly all jobs that non-college graduates possess require some type of writing. Workers are increasingly required to use their writing skills formemos, reports, and emails and may find their ability to move into well-paying jobs or enroll in technical training programs limited by their inadequate writing skills (Gillespie, 2001) . Adults who lack these skills have limited opportunities to acquire them (National Commission on Adult Literacy, 2008) . Despite the importance of writing, there is little research on the writing knowledge, skills, and strategies of adult education learners or research on instruction designed for their needs.  \nThis digest provides a brief review of the research in this area . We begin with general information about the writing process, and proceed to what is known about adult learners. Evidencebased writing practice centers around strategy instruction, and therefore our digest emphasizes strategy instruction. We end with practical guidance and implications for instructors.  \nTheoretical and Empirical Foundation  \nFigure 1 depicts the demanding and complex nature of writing, an activity that requires a wide range of skills, strategies, and knowledge.  \nDiscourse Knowledge  \nProficient writers have considerable knowledge about the purposes, text structures, and linguistic features of common genres (e.g. , comparison, narrative, argumentative) that they use while generating and organizing content during writing (Hayes, 1996; Hayes & Flower, 1980) . In comparison, struggling writers have limited knowledge of discourse information (Englert & Thomas, 1987) . Additionally, proficient writers have considerable knowledge of a wide range of attributes of effective writing that they use to revise and edit their writing (MacArthur et al. , 2012; 2016) . In contrast, struggling writers have limited knowledge of the revision process, often focusing on lower-order surface features (e.g. , spelling and punctuation) rather than revising the content and organization of their writing (Graham et al. , 1993) . Research on strategy instruction in K-12 settings has shown that students can learn multiple text structures and how to use them when planning and revising  \nCorrespondence: [cpuranik@gsu.edu](cpuranik@gsu.edu) 73  \nFIGURE 1: Model of the components and processes of writing  \n(National Research Council, 2012. Adapted and reproduced with permission from the National Academy of Sciences, courtesy of the National Academies Press.)  \nDiscourse Knowledge  \n• Structure of specific genres  \n• Attributes of good writing  \n• Linguistic knowledge  \nCognitive Process Strategies  \n• Planning  \n• Organizing writing  \n• Reviewing drafts  \n• Revising  \nMotivation & Self-Efficacy  \n• Self-efficacy  \n• Writing apprehension  \n• Attitudes toward writing  \n• Attitudes for success/failure  \nSelf-regulation  \nBasic Writing Skills  \n• Handwriting/ Keyboarding  \n• Spelling  \n• Punctuation  \n• Sentence construction  \nDigital Literacy  \n• Basic word processing  \n• Grammar/spell check  \n• Basic internet search skills  \ntext. Most importantly, such instruction has been shown to enhance writing quality (Graham, 2006) and reading comprehension (e.g. , Meyer & Poon, 2001) .  \nCognitive Process Strategies  \nProficient writers have a repertoire of cognitive strategies for planning and revising text that they use together with discourse","cbCaii8b0JNMUqmU","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaii8b0JNMUqmU","pdf",98608,"English","# Writing Instruction for Adult Education Learners\n## Theoretical and Empirical Foundation\n## Discourse Knowledge\n## Cognitive Process Strategies\n## Motivation and Self-Efficacy","[{\"question\":\"What is the focus of this research digest on adult education learners?\",\"answer\":\"It provides a brief review of research on adult learners’ writing knowledge, skills, and strategies, and on instruction designed for their needs. The emphasis is on strategy instruction.\"},{\"question\":\"What components and processes of writing does the digest describe?\",\"answer\":\"It presents writing as a demanding, complex activity involving discourse knowledge, cognitive process strategies, motivation and self-efficacy, self-regulation, basic writing skills, and digital literacy skills.\"},{\"question\":\"How does strategy instruction relate to writing quality and reading comprehension?\",\"answer\":\"Evidencebased writing practice centers around strategy instruction. The digest notes that such instruction has been shown to enhance writing quality and also supports reading comprehension.\"}]","Adult Literacy Education Fall 2023 - Research Digest - Writing Instruction for Adult Education Learners | PDF",1792066839,18]