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Skill training is proposed as a strategy, yet evidence is limited on how basic competencies relate to employment outcomes for older adults. This study uses nationally representative Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies data for ages 45–65 (n=2,169). Literacy skills predict employment outcomes, with positive statistically significant associations found via multinomial logistic regression, and the study outlines research, policy, and practice implications.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/adult-competencies-and-employment-outcomes-among-older-workers-in-the-united-states-an-analysis-of-the-program-for-the-international-assessment-of-adult-competencies-abstract/588752/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/adult-competencies-and-employment-outcomes-among-older-workers-in-the-united-states-an-analysis-of-the-program-for-the-international-assessment-of-adult-competencies-abstract/588752.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Chumphorn","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What main competencies are examined in the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Literacy skills are used as the main measure of adult competencies in relation to employment outcomes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What data source and age range does the study use?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The analysis uses nationally representative data from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies for adults aged 45 to 65 (n=2,169).",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How are literacy skills associated with employment outcomes?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Multinomial logistic regression shows statistically significant positive associations between literacy skills and employment among older workers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},588752,1792071027,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36,"preview_page_count":4},2336475401981,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c94efd8d5204d?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786935347598174694","Adult Competencies and Employment Outcomes Among Older Workers in the United States: An Analysis of the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies  \nTakashi Yamashita 1, Phyllis A. Cummins2,  \nAdult Education Quarterly 2018, Vol. 68(3) 235–250 © The Author(s) 2018  \nReprints and permissions: [sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav](sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav)[ ](sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav)[DOI: 10.1177/0741713618773496](DOI: 10.1177/0741713618773496)  \n[journals.sagepub.com/home/aeq](journals.sagepub.com/home/aeq)  \nAnnabelle Arbogast2, and Roberto J. Millar 1  \nAbstract  \nA growing segment of the U.S. workforce—older workers—face challenges such as a greater chance of being unemployed for a longer period of time than younger workers and skill obsolescence in contemporary societies. In an age of fast-paced economic and technological change, ongoing investment in human capital in the form of skill training represents a potential strategy for improving older workers’ employment prospects. However, empirical evidence is lacking on the relationship between basic skill competencies and employment outcomes for older workers in general. This study analyzed nationally representative data of adults aged 45 to 65 years (n = 2,169) from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies. Literacy skills were used as the main measure of competencies. Results from multinomial logistic regression identified statistically significant positive associations between literacy skills and employment among older workers. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.  \nKeywords  \npopulation aging, retirement, adult education, lifelong learning, life course  \n1 University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA  \n2Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA  \nCorresponding Author:  \nTakashi Yamashita, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Health Administration and Policy, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA. [Email: yamataka@umbc.edu](Email: yamataka@umbc.edu)  \nAs the U.S. population ages, middle-aged and older workers represent an increasingly large segment of the labor force. Although the proportion of workers aged 55 to 64 years has increased in recent decades, unemployment among middle-aged and older workers represents a significant concern, creating costly challenges for individual workers and the economy as a whole (Butrica, 2011; Feyrer, 2007) . Following the Great Recession, older workers experienced relatively long periods of unemployment, placing increased strain on the workers, their families, and the social welfare programs. Education and training are generally considered as key strategies for addressing these employment-related challenges through improved skills (Carnevale, Smith,& Strohl, 2013; Jacobson, LaLonde, & Sullivan, 2005) . However, the relationship between general skill proficiencies and employment outcomes is yet to be rigorously investigated at the population level. In the past, a lack of nationally representative data with valid measures of general skills limited the scope of inquiry on this subject. To address this gap in the literature, the present study analyzed nationally representative data on older workers in the United States to examine the association between literacy skills and employment outcomes. In this study, adults in the preretirement age-group (45-65 years) were considered older workers.  \nLabor Force Participation and Unemployment Among Older Workers  \nWith the aging of the U.S. population, older workers constitute a rapidly growing segment of the labor force. For example, approximately 9% of the U.S. labor force was aged 55 to 64 years in 1994, but it is expected to exceed 17% by 2024 (Toossi, 2015) . While labor force participation rates have increased in recent years for both men and women aged 55 and older, participation rates for men and women in the 45 to 54 agegroup have decli","cbCair8G5PDnTIce","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair8G5PDnTIce","pdf",404111,16,"English","# Abstract\n## Background and motivation\n## Labor force participation and unemployment among older workers","[{\"question\":\"What main competencies are examined in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Literacy skills are used as the main measure of adult competencies in relation to employment outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What data source and age range does the study use?\",\"answer\":\"The analysis uses nationally representative data from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies for adults aged 45 to 65 (n=2,169).\"},{\"question\":\"How are literacy skills associated with employment outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Multinomial logistic regression shows statistically significant positive associations between literacy skills and employment among older workers.\"}]","Adult Competencies and Employment Outcomes Among Older Workers in the United States - An Analysis of the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies - Abstract | PDF",1792065867]