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The ARF6-AMAP1 pathway is frequently overexpressed, supports protein trafficking and surface dynamics, links to KRAS/TP53-driven malignancy in PDAC, and contributes to immune evasion, angiogenesis, acidosis, and fibrosis; its inhibition can synergize with anti-PD-1 therapy in vivo.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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Shigeru Hashimoto 2, *  \nCitation: Hashimoto, A.; Hashimoto,  \nS. ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6 Pathway Acts as a Key Executor of Mesenchymal Tumor Plasticity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14934. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914934](doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914934)  \nAcademic Editor: Giulia Russo  \nReceived: 31 August 2023  \nRevised: 2 October 2023  \nAccepted: 4 October 2023  \nPublished: 5 October 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan  \n2 Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan  \n* Correspondence: [ahashimo@med.hokudai.ac.jp](ahashimo@med.hokudai.ac.jp) (A.H.); [hashimot@igm.hokudai.ac.jp](hashimot@igm.hokudai.ac.jp) (S.H.)  \nAbstract: Despite the “big data” on cancer from recent breakthroughs in high-throughput technology and the development of new therapeutic modalities, it remains unclear as to how intra-tumor heterogeneity and phenotypic plasticity created by various somatic abnormalities and epigenetic and metabolic adaptations orchestrate therapy resistance, immune evasiveness, and metastatic ability. Tumors are formed by various cells, including immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, and their tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in malignant tumor progression and responses to therapy. ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) and AMAP1 are often overexpressed in cancers, which statistically correlates with poor outcomes. The ARF6-AMAP1 pathway promotes the intracellular dynamics and cell-surface expression of various proteins. This pathway is also a major target for KRAS /TP53 mutations to cooperatively promote malignancy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and is closely associated with immune evasion. Additionally, this pathway is important in angiogenesis, acidosis, and fibrosis associated with tumor malignancy in the TME, and its inhibition in PDAC cells results in therapeutic synergy with an anti-PD-1 antibody in vivo. Thus, the ARF6-based pathway affects the TME and the intrinsic function of tumors, leading to malignancy. Here, we discuss the potential mechanisms of this ARF6-based pathway in tumorigenesis, and novel therapeutic strategies.  \nKeywords: ARF6; AMAP1; PDAC; immune evasion; KRAS; TP53; PD-1; PD-L1; angiogenesis  \n1. Introduction  \nConsidering the characteristics of tumor progression, crucial factors that determine tumor fate are mutations, which are an inevitable and permanent consequence of life and a selection of clones adapted to the environment. In normal tissues, excluding germ cells, genetic mutations are known to accumulate at a rate of about 15 to 50 per cell per year [1] . Thus, the continuous accumulation of mutations inevitably leads to diversification at the level of single cells in tumor tissues, both in the tumor cell population and in the normal cell population. On the other hand, cell selection during tumor progression is inferred to be a result of the expansion of clones that are selectively favored by intrinsic genetic traits derived from genomics and epigenomics, and extrinsic factors due to the microenvironment to which the cells are exposed. Thus, the genomes of aging normal tissues and cancers are enriched with environmentally adapted gene variants [2] . To date, more than 500 cancer driver genes have been identified in various cancer types [3], which may induce different cancer features and chara","cbCaicSISSVRPDhB","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicSISSVRPDhB","pdf",7540161,21,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n## Tumor evolution and selection pressures\n## Tumor microenvironment and malignancy progression\n## Intercellular signaling and ECM remodeling\n## RAS superfamily small GTPases in signaling","[{\"question\":\"What core problem does the article address regarding cancer progression?\",\"answer\":\"It examines how intra-tumor heterogeneity and phenotypic plasticity, shaped by genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic alterations, jointly drive therapy resistance, immune evasion, and metastasis.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the ARF6-AMAP1 pathway connected to tumor behavior in PDAC?\",\"answer\":\"The pathway promotes intracellular dynamics and cell-surface expression of proteins and is associated with KRAS/TP53 mutations, supporting malignancy and immune evasion in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is targeting the ARF6-based pathway potentially therapeutically valuable?\",\"answer\":\"Inhibition in PDAC cells can create therapeutic synergy with an anti-PD-1 antibody in vivo, aligning with the pathway’s roles in immune evasion and other tumor microenvironment-related processes.\"}]","ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6 Pathway Acts as a Key Executor of Mesenchymal Tumor Plasticity - Research Overview | PDF",1790261297,53]