[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-108944-en":3,"doc-seo-108944-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":93},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},108944,1374391974564,"Clementine","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253aa45c000a9e?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779874745381141002",8,"Research & Report","ADDRESSING THE HUMAN CAPITAL CRISIS - A Public Expenditure Review for Human Development Sectors in Iraq","This public expenditure review examines the human capital crisis in Iraq through an evidence-based analysis of macro-fiscal conditions and how public spending supports health, education, and pensions/social insurance. It reviews volatile growth, revenue and expenditure patterns, and the fiscal space available for human development spending. For each sector, it assesses context, outcomes, equity, financing, efficiency, and service delivery constraints, then proposes policy recommendations to improve access to quality services, strengthen preparedness, and enhance fiscal and institutional arrangements.","Public Disc losure Authorized  \nADDRESSING THE HUMAN CAPITAL CRISIS A Public Expenditure Review for  \nu ub lic Disclosure th ir el Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure  \nADDRESSING THE HUMAN CAPITAL CRISIS A Public Expenditure Review for Human Development Sectors in Iraq  \n3  \nList of Contents  \nExecutive Summary-English 10  \n\n| Chapter 1 : Macro Fiscal Context and Analysis-Creating Fiscal Space for Human Capital Spending | 21 |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1.1. Iraq’s volatile economic growth | 22 |\n| 1.2. Fiscal Revenue and Public Expenditure Analysis | 24 |\n| Revenue | 34 |\n| Expenditures | 27 |\n| Economic classification | 27 |\n| Administrative classification | 30 |\n| 1.3. Creating the Fiscal Space for Human Development Spending in Iraq | 33 |\n| 1.4. Snapshot of Public Financial Management | 34 |\n| 1.5. Measures for creating fiscal space | 36 |\n| 1.6.Conclusion | 37 |\n| Chapter 2 : Health Sector | 39 |\n\nIntroduction 40  \n2.1 Health Context, Outcomes, and Equity 42  \nTrends in Health Outcomesand Disease Burden 43  \nChild health 47  \nMaternal health 48  \nNon-communicable diseases 51  \n2. 2 Health system capacity 51  \nService delivery context and governance 51  \nPhysical resources and supply chains 53  \nHuman resources for health 57  \nService utilization and quality of care 59  \n2.3 Health financing 62  \nRevenue raising arrangements and health financing landscape 62  \nGovernment health financing 64  \nOut of pocket and private health financing 68  \nEfficiency 71  \n2.4 Recommendations and policy options 75  \nImproving access to quality services 76  \nIncreasing equity 78  \nMaximizing efficiency 79  \nEnsuring preparedness against current and future pandemics 80  \nChapter 3: Education Sector 83   \nIntroduction 84  \n3.1 Education Sector Context and Outcomes 85  \nMain sector trends: accomplishments and challenges 86  \nSector outcomes: Participation and completion rates 88  \nSector outcomes: Student learning outcomes 91  \nImpact of fragility and conflict on service delivery 93  \n3.2 Adequacy of Education Spending 93  \nAmount of public spending on education and recent trends 93  \nComposition of public spending on education and recent trends 96  \nAmount of household spending 98  \nEnsuring adequacy of public spending in education 98  \n3.3 Equity of Education Spending 99  \nEquity in access to education 99  \nEquity in government spending on education by governorate 102  \nEquity in household spending on education 102  \nEnhancing equity of public spending in education 105  \n3.4 Efficiency of Education Spending 105  \nEducation efficiency at system level 105  \nEducation efficiency at subnational level 107  \nImproving efficiency of public spending in education 108  \n3.5 Institutional Arrangementsand Public Financial Management (PFM) 109  \nInstitutional arrangements and decentralization 109  \nService delivery and institutional capacity 110  \nPublic financial management (PFM) and budget 112  \nExecution in Education  \nAddressing institutional and PFM challenges in education 114  \n3.6 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 114  \nChapter 4: Pensionsand Social Insurance Chapter 119  \nIntroduction 120  \n4.1 Institutional and Legislative Context of Pensions in Iraq 120  \n4.2 Assessment of the pension system’s performance 122  \nunder different scenarios  \nScenario 1, Law 9/2014 (baseline, before implementing 125  \nthe amendments of 2019)  \nScenario 2, Amended Law 9/2014 126  \nScenario 3, Draft Law on Social Insurance (referred to 126  \nas draft law of 2017)  \nSustainability, Scenario 4, Proposed Reform Package 127  \n4.3 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 132  \nList of Figures  \nFigure 1. Education expenditures compared to peers 7  \nFigure 2. Health Expenditures compared to peers 7  \nFigure 3. Fiscal Scenarios 11  \nFigure 4. Decades of Political Instability and Oil Price 19  \nVolatility  \nFigure 5. GDP growth 20  \nFigure 6. Per capita GDP,(2005=100) 20  \nFigure 7 . Growth in per capita wealth (2005-2014) 21  \nFigure 8. Contribution to growth in per capita 21  \n","cbCaijSvwYVkLpsZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijSvwYVkLpsZ","pdf",7164399,5,1,140,"English","en",105,"# Executive Summary\n# Chapter 1: Macro Fiscal Context and Analysis - Creating Fiscal Space for Human Capital Spending\n## Iraq’s volatile economic growth\n## Fiscal Revenue and Public Expenditure Analysis\n## Creating the Fiscal Space for Human Development Spending in Iraq\n## Snapshot of Public Financial Management\n## Measures for creating fiscal space\n# Chapter 2: Health Sector\n## Health Context, Outcomes, and Equity\n## Health system capacity\n## Health financing\n## Recommendations and policy options\n# Chapter 3: Education Sector\n## Education Sector Context and Outcomes\n## Adequacy of Education Spending\n## Equity of Education Spending\n## Efficiency of Education Spending\n## Institutional Arrangements and Public Financial Management (PFM)\n## Conclusion and Policy Recommendations\n# Chapter 4: Pensions and Social Insurance","[{\"question\":\"How does the report frame Iraq’s human capital crisis and fiscal constraints?\",\"answer\":\"It links human capital outcomes to Iraq’s macro-fiscal context, focusing on volatile economic growth and the revenue-expenditure structure that shapes available fiscal space for human development spending.\"},{\"question\":\"What key areas are assessed in the health sector?\",\"answer\":\"The report evaluates health outcomes and equity, health system capacity, health financing arrangements, and service delivery quality, then provides recommendations to improve access, equity, efficiency, and pandemic preparedness.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report evaluate education spending and its policy implications?\",\"answer\":\"It reviews sector outcomes, the adequacy and equity of education spending, and system and subnational efficiency, followed by institutional and PFM-related recommendations to address execution and capacity challenges.\"}]","ADDRESSING THE HUMAN CAPITAL CRISIS - 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