[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-113931-en":3,"doc-seo-113931-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},113931,687197100911,"Himbo","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1785132997149421697",8,"Research & Report","Adaptive Data Rate Techniques for Energy Constrained Ad Hoc LoRa Networks - Abstract and Methods","Long Range (LoRa) enables low-power wide-area communications using configurable parameters such as transmit power, spreading factor, bandwidth, and error coding rate. Although adaptive data rate (ADR) exists in LoRaWAN, this work targets a cattle monitoring scenario where LoRaWAN is not feasible due to strict energy, synchronous communication, mesh topology, and firmware update needs. It analyzes ADR techniques to minimize energy per firmware update, extends ADR with FSK under sufficient signal strength, and accelerates convergence via dynamic acknowledgements and timeouts.","Adaptive Data Rate Techniques for Energy Constrained Ad Hoc LoRa Networks  \nDerek Heeger  \nSandia National Labs Albuquerque, NM  \nMaeve Garigan Roper Solutions, Inc.  \nLas Cruces, NM  \nJim Plusquellic  \nUniversity of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM  \nAbstract—Long Range (LoRa) is an emerging low-power widearea network technology. LoRa messages can be transmitted with a variety of parameters including transmit power, spreading factor, bandwidth, and error coding rates. While adaptive data rate (ADR) capabilities exist in the LoRa wide-area network (LoRaWAN) specification, this work is motivated by a cattle monitoring application where LoRaWAN is not feasible. In this scenario, the mobility of the animal changes the optimal parameterselections, which are the settings that transmit the data with the lowest energy consumption. This work analyzes ADR techniques to most efficiently find the optimal data rate for a firmware update, although the techniques are still valid for any large data exchange. It extends the ADR to use frequency shift keying (FSK) when there is enough signal strength since Semtech LoRa integrated circuits support FSK mode. The work uses dynamic acknowledgements and timeout values to improve the convergence time. The paper experimentally validates an analytical transmit time model and then describes three different methods for accomplishing the adaptive data rate. The methods are modeled analytically for the different convergence settings and two are demonstrated using the Microchip SAMR34 Explained boards.  \nIndex Terms—LoRa, Adaptive Data Rate, FSK  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nIoT devices are becoming more prevalent in our everyday lives. One of the challenging aspects ofIoT device design is the energy consumption associated with the communication mechanism which has caused a demand for low-power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies. A few key technologies have emerged to meet this need including LoRaWAN, Sigfox, Narrow Band IoT, and LTE-M [1].  \nLoRaWAN is a wide area network technology that is optimized for low data rate communications in the unlicensed spectrum bands. It is designed to connect directly to a LoRaWAN gateway that can route relevant data to the internet. There are three implementations ofLoRaWAN that optimize for various power consumption scenarios. LoRaWAN uses LoRa for the physical layer; a closed source protocol that uses chirped spread spectrum modulation to achieve greater noise immunity at the expense of slower data rates. The LoRa communication protocol can be configured using a variety of settings including transmit power, spreading factor (SF), error coding rates, use of CRC, header types, and bandwidth.  \nThis work is motivated by a cattle monitoring application which uses a battery-powered sensor to collect health information that is transmitted using LoRa. None of the  \nLoRaWAN operating modes are sufficiently optimized for this application so it uses the LoRa physical layer with a custom network. The choice to exclude LoRaWAN is driven by the need to achieve extremely low power operation, communicate synchronously, use a mesh topology, and conduct firmware updates.  \nThe techniques proposed in this paper are designed to optimize the remote firmware update time but they are relevant for any large data exchange. From Table 1, firmware updates using LoRa vary from 16 minutes to 8.36 hours depending on the SF selected. The times reported are based on the following assumptions: 1) no packet transmission errors occur, 2) the bandwidth is 125 kHz, 3) a 12-symbol preamble is used, 4) CRCis enabled, 5) an implicit header is used, and 6) the error coding rate is 4/5. Note that update times are shorter as SF is reduced, making them more attractive, but the communication range is also reduced. Therefore, the ADR optimization process should target the lowest SF that provides an acceptable communication bit error rate. LoRa ICs from Semtech can be configured to use frequency shift keying (FSK) which has hi","cbCaiagk6AKZEDXA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiagk6AKZEDXA","pdf",656473,2,1,6,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Motivation and application context\n## LoRa and LoRaWAN background\n## Firmware update time trade-offs and ADR target\n# Background","[{\"question\":\"Why is LoRaWAN not used in the motivated cattle monitoring scenario?\",\"answer\":\"LoRaWAN modes are not sufficiently optimized for extremely low power operation, synchronous communication, mesh topology, and firmware updates, so the work uses the LoRa physical layer with a custom network.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the paper extend beyond standard ADR in LoRaWAN?\",\"answer\":\"It extends ADR by incorporating frequency shift keying (FSK) when signal strength is adequate, leveraging Semtech LoRa IC support for FSK mode.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper improve ADR convergence time?\",\"answer\":\"It uses dynamic acknowledgements and timeout values that depend on the communication settings, improving convergence compared with fixed recovery 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is LoRaWAN not used in the motivated cattle monitoring scenario?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"LoRaWAN modes are not sufficiently optimized for extremely low power operation, synchronous communication, mesh topology, and firmware updates, so the work uses the LoRa physical layer with a custom network.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What does the paper extend beyond standard ADR in LoRaWAN?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It extends ADR by incorporating frequency shift keying (FSK) when signal strength is adequate, leveraging Semtech LoRa IC support for FSK mode.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How does the paper improve ADR convergence time?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"It uses dynamic acknowledgements and timeout values that depend on the communication settings, improving convergence compared with fixed recovery 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