[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-326826-105":59,"doc-detail-326826-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","adaptive-control-of-tumor-growth-article-abstract","Adaptive Control of Tumor Growth - Article Abstract","","Cancer treatment optimization aims to choose drug combinations, dosing, and schedules that limit toxicity while improving patient quality of life. A key challenge is that tumors can adapt evolutionarily to therapy, often undermining resistance prevention efforts. Adaptive treatment guided by monitored tumor burden and clonal composition is presented as a disease-management framework, supported by tumor-response dynamics. The work studies feasibility using deterministic and stochastic tumor growth models driven by tumor state feedback, with adaptive fitness and pathway entropy as a growth-trajectory biomarker.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/adaptive-control-of-tumor-growth-article-abstract/326826/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/adaptive-control-of-tumor-growth-article-abstract/326826.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Himbo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-08","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why do standard-of-care cancer treatments often lead to therapeutic resistance?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Fixed schedules at maximum tolerated dose can select for therapy-resistant cancer cell populations, leaving residual minimal disease that later drives recurrence and resistance to subsequent lines of therapy.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the core idea behind adaptive therapy?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Adaptive therapy maintains tumor burden using a sufficient proportion of therapy-sensitive cells to suppress therapy-resistant populations and prevent their competitive release.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the article study adaptive cancer treatment?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It explores feasibility using deterministic and stochastic models of tumor growth dynamics, with adaptive strategies driven by tumor state feedback.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},326826,1790198773,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},687197100911,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1785132997149421697","Adaptive Control of Tumor Growth  \nYoucef Derbal 1 􀀁  \nCancer Control Volume 31: 1–12  \n© The Author(s) 2024  \nArticle reuse guidelines:  \n[sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)  \n[DOI: 10.1177/10732748241230869](DOI: 10.1177/10732748241230869)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/10732748241230869)[journals.sagepub.com/home/ccx](journals.sagepub.com/home/ccx)  \nAbstract  \nCancer treatment optimizations select the most optimum combinations of drugs, sequencing schedules, and appropriate doses that would limit toxicity and yield an improved patient quality of life. However, these optimizations often lack an adequate consideration of cancer’s near-infinite potential for evolutionary adaptation to therapeutic interventions. Adapting cancer therapy based on monitored tumor burden and clonal composition is an intuitively sound approach to the treatment of cancer as an inherently complex and adaptive system. The adaptation would be driven by clinical outcome setpoints embodying the aims to thwart therapeutic resistance and maintain a long-term management of the disease or even a cure. However, given the nonlinear, stochastic dynamics of tumor response to therapeutic interventions, adaptive therapeutic strategies may at least need a one-step-ahead prediction of tumor burden to maintain their control over tumor growth dynamics. The article explores the feasibility of adaptive cancer treatment driven by tumor state feedback assuming cell adaptive fitness to be the underlying source of phenotypic plasticity and pathway entropy as a biomarker of tumor growth trajectory. The exploration is undertaken using deterministic and stochastic models of tumor growth dynamics.  \nKeywords  \nadaptive cancer therapy, cancer evolutionary dynamics, tumor state feedback control, adaptive oncology, adaptive combination therapy  \nReceived September 25, 2023. Received revised December 4, 2023. Accepted for publication January 15, 2024.  \nIntroduction  \nDespite the expanding space of therapeutic options being available for cancer patients, therapeutic resistance continues to be the most critical challenge in the fight against cancer. The genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity of cancer cells sustain a near-infinite capacity of cancer for evolutionary adaptation to therapeutic interventions, which ultimately lead to therapeutic resistance. In fact, standard of care (SOC) treatments involving the use of drugs with fixed schedules at maximum tolerated dose (MTD) foster the selection of therapy-resistant populations of cancer cells which maintains a clinically undetectable residual minimal disease (MRD) and would inevitably lead to recurrence and resistance to other lines of therapy. Even when complete response is achieved, the elimination of therapy-sensitive cancer cells promotes the proliferation of therapy-resistant populations due to competitive release.1 Although cancer treatment at MTD with fixed schedules has been and still is the prevailing therapeutic  \nparadigm, different treatment strategies have been explored, including metronomic therapy, intermittent therapy, modelinformed precision dosing, and evolutionary-based treatments.2 However, the increasing appreciation of the complex adaptive nature of cancer and its evolutionary dynamics is positing the necessity of evolutionary-based treatment strategies, such as adaptive therapy, to address resistance.1,3,4 It is noteworthy to mention that intermittent therapy is presumed to reduce toxicity and exploit evolution to tackle resistance,5 but so far, the results of clinical testing are not compelling,6-10  \n1 Ted Rogers School of Information Technology Management, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada  \nCorresponding Author:  \nYoucef Derbal, Ted Rogers School of Information Technology Management, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.  \nEmail: [yderbal@torontomu.ca](yderbal@torontomu.ca)  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This art","cbCaijSFY9r3xNYg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijSFY9r3xNYg","pdf",1522697,12,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Therapeutic resistance under standard of care\n## Adaptive therapy as disease management\n## Monitoring tumor burden for control","[{\"question\":\"Why do standard-of-care cancer treatments often lead to therapeutic resistance?\",\"answer\":\"Fixed schedules at maximum tolerated dose can select for therapy-resistant cancer cell populations, leaving residual minimal disease that later drives recurrence and resistance to subsequent lines of therapy.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the core idea behind adaptive therapy?\",\"answer\":\"Adaptive therapy maintains tumor burden using a sufficient proportion of therapy-sensitive cells to suppress therapy-resistant populations and prevent their competitive release.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article study adaptive cancer treatment?\",\"answer\":\"It explores feasibility using deterministic and stochastic models of tumor growth dynamics, with adaptive strategies driven by tumor state feedback.\"}]","Adaptive Control of Tumor Growth - Article Abstract | PDF",1789975461]