[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-272510-105":59,"doc-detail-272510-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","acute-pancreatitis-diagnosis-prognosis-and-treatment","Acute Pancreatitis - Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment","","Acute pancreatitis is a reversible inflammatory condition with potential involvement beyond the pancreas, ranging from isolated or recurrent attacks to life-threatening disease. Severity drives outcomes: mild cases have low mortality, while severe pancreatitis can lead to complications and a high death rate depending on sterile versus infected necrosis. Diagnosis relies on established laboratory tests (amylase, lipase) and emerging biomarkers, alongside validated severity scoring systems and imaging to determine cause and complications.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/acute-pancreatitis-diagnosis-prognosis-and-treatment/272510/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/acute-pancreatitis-diagnosis-prognosis-and-treatment/272510.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cipher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-21","2026-09-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What factors determine the severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Prognosis depends heavily on whether disease is mild or severe and on the presence of sterile versus infected necrosis. Severity classification uses scoring systems such as Ranson’s criteria, Imrie score, APACHE II, and the Computed Tomography Severity Index, often compared using the Atlanta classification.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How is acute pancreatitis diagnosed?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Diagnosis does not rely on a single pathognomonic sign. Serum amylase and lipase are widely used, while other biomarkers and inflammatory mediators are under investigation. Severity assessment incorporates clinical evaluation, laboratory markers, and imaging such as contrast-enhanced computed tomography.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What treatment and nutrition strategies are recommended for severe acute pancreatitis?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"For nutritional management, total enteral nutrition is equal to or more effective than total parenteral nutrition. Ongoing clinical trials evaluate the role, selection, and timing of antibiotics in patients with infected necrosis, and urgent ERCP is considered for biliary sepsis, obstruction, cholangitis, or worsening/persistent jaundice.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},272510,1789465676,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":46},687208528416,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Acute Pancreatitis:  \nDiagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment  \nJENNIFER K. CARROLL, MD, MPH, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York BRIAN HERRICK, MD, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California  \nTERESA GIPSON, MD, and SUZANNE P. LEE, MD, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York  \nMild acute pancreatitis has a low mortality rate, but patients with severe acute pancreatitis are more likely to develop complications and have a much higher death rate. Although serum amylase and lipase levels remain the most widely used diagnostic assays for acute pancreatitis, other biomarkers and inflammatory mediators such as trypsinogens are being investigated for clinical use. Ranson’s criteria, the Imrie scoring system, the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) scale, and the Computed Tomography Severity Index are systems for classifying severity of this disease; the Atlanta classification is widely used to compare these systems and standardize clinical trials. New developments in imaging modalities such as endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography increase the options available to physicians for determining the cause of pancreatitis and assessing for complications. Enteral nutrition is preferred to parental nutrition for improving patient outcomes. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the role, selection, and timing of antibiotics in patients with infected necrosis. (Am Fam Physician 2007;75:1513-20. Copyright © 2007 American Academy of Family Physicians.)  \ncute pancreatitis is a reversible inflammatory process of the pan  \nAcreasmay. Albethoulimigh theted to dpiseanacsreeproaticctesiss  \nsue, it also can involve peripancreatic tissues or more distant organ sites. Acute pancreatitis may occur as an isolated attack or may be recurrent. It has a variety of causes and can range in severity from mild to severe and life threatening. Some patients may require brief hospitalization, whereas others may be critically ill with multiple organ dysfunction requiring intensive care monitoring. Mild acute pancreatitis has a very low mortality rate (less than 1 percent),1,2 whereas the death rate for severe acute pancreatitis can be 10 to 30 percent depending on the presence of sterile versus infected necrosis.3 In the United States, up to 210,000 patients per year are admitted to a hospital for acute pancreatitis. 1,4  \nRisk Factors  \nThe most common risk factors for acute pancreatis are gallbladder disease (often caused by choledocholithiasis) and chronic alcohol consumption. Table 1 lists risk factors for acute pancreatitis.5 Given newly emerging  \nTable 1. Risk Factors for Acute Pancreatitis  \nAnatomic or functional disorders (e.g., pancreas divisum, sphincter  \nof Oddi dysfunction) Autoimmune (e.g., systemic lupus  \nerythematosus) Choledocholithiasis Chronic alcohol consumption Congenital anomalies  \nDrug-induced hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides greater than 1,000 mg per dL [11.30 mmol per L])  \nGallstones  \nHypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism Hypothermia  \nIdiopathic  \nInfections (e.g., viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal) Pancreatic or ampullary tumors  \nTraumatic or postprocedure (e.g., endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or after abdominal surgery)  \nVascular (e.g., vasculitis)  \nInformation from reference 5.  \nDownloaded from the American Family [Physician Web site at www.aafp.org/afp. Copyright](Physician Web site at www.aafp.org/afp. Copyright) © 2007 American Academy of Family Physicians. For the private, noncommercial  \nuse of one individual user of the Web site. All other rights reserved. Contact [copyrights@aafp.org](copyrights@aafp.org) for copyright questions and/or permission requests.  \n\n| SORT: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE\u003Cbr>Clinical recommendation\u003Cbr>Total enteral nutrition is equal to or more effective than total parenteral nutrition for nutritional management of patients with severe pancre","cbCaiki3JnFZocUk","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiki3JnFZocUk","pdf",146064,"English","# Acute Pancreatitis - Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment\n## Clinical Presentation\n## Diagnosis\n## Risk Factors\n## Recommendations for Practice","[{\"question\":\"What factors determine the severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis?\",\"answer\":\"Prognosis depends heavily on whether disease is mild or severe and on the presence of sterile versus infected necrosis. Severity classification uses scoring systems such as Ranson’s criteria, Imrie score, APACHE II, and the Computed Tomography Severity Index, often compared using the Atlanta classification.\"},{\"question\":\"How is acute pancreatitis diagnosed?\",\"answer\":\"Diagnosis does not rely on a single pathognomonic sign. Serum amylase and lipase are widely used, while other biomarkers and inflammatory mediators are under investigation. Severity assessment incorporates clinical evaluation, laboratory markers, and imaging such as contrast-enhanced computed tomography.\"},{\"question\":\"What treatment and nutrition strategies are recommended for severe acute pancreatitis?\",\"answer\":\"For nutritional management, total enteral nutrition is equal to or more effective than total parenteral nutrition. Ongoing clinical trials evaluate the role, selection, and timing of antibiotics in patients with infected necrosis, and urgent ERCP is considered for biliary sepsis, obstruction, cholangitis, or worsening/persistent jaundice.\"}]","Acute Pancreatitis - Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment | PDF"]