[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-431540-105":59,"doc-detail-431540-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","acute-lower-limb-heating-improves-exercise-performance-in-individuals-with-heart-failure-with-reduced-ejection-fraction-research-letter","Acute lower-limb heating improves exercise performance in individuals with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction - Research Letter","","Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation improves exercise capacity and quality of life in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), yet training dose—both intensity and duration—strongly influences adaptation. This study tested whether an acute 45-min lower-limb immersion heating protocol (42°C) increases femoral artery blood flow and lower-limb tissue oxygenation, thereby enhancing post-heating endurance exercise performance. In a double-blind randomized crossover design with HFrEF adults, heating increased arterial blood flow and improved shuttle-walk distance.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/acute-lower-limb-heating-improves-exercise-performance-in-individuals-with-heart-failure-with-reduced-ejection-fraction-research-letter/431540/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/acute-lower-limb-heating-improves-exercise-performance-in-individuals-with-heart-failure-with-reduced-ejection-fraction-research-letter/431540.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rizky","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the study’s main aim?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To assess whether acute lower-limb heating increases femoral artery blood flow and lower-limb tissue oxygenation, leading to improved post-heating exercise performance in individuals with HFrEF.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the lower-limb heating intervention administered?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Participants completed randomized 45-min lower-limb (knee-down) immersion protocols in circulated water at 42°C (hot) or 30°C (control), followed by an endurance shuttle walk test within 5 minutes.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What outcomes improved after lower-limb heating?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Femoral artery blood flow increased and endurance shuttle-walk distance improved after hot immersion compared with control, with effects also observed for changes in muscle tissue oxygenation during the test.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},431540,1790893467,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":14,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":24,"preview_page_count":4},962085564807,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","RESEARCH LETTER  \ndoi:10.1002/ejhf.3638  \nOnline publish-ahead-of-print 5 March 2025  \nAcute lower-limb heating improves exercise performance in individuals with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction  \nIntroduction  \nExercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in individuals with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) elicits clinically meaningful improvements in exercise capacity and quality of life while reducing hospital readmissions.1 Training dose is an important determinant of the response to cardiac rehabilitation, where both the volume and intensity of exercise performed are critical to the magnitude of adaptation.2 Achieving more work (intensity, or duration) within a given session likely leads to greater adaptive responses and may improve clinical outcomes following exercise-based rehabilitation.3 Ergogenic aids that facilitate an ability to perform more work during each rehabilitation session may therefore be of clinical importance. An acute bout of passive heating increases core, skin and tissue temperatures, augmenting blood flow and shear stress and subsequent oxygen delivery.4 Therefore, we aimed to assess whether acute lower-limb heating increases femoral artery blood flow and lower-limb tissue oxygenation, that translates to increased post-heating exercise performance in individuals with HFrEF.  \nMethods  \nTwenty-two adults aged 50–80 years with a diagnosis of HFrEF volunteered and provided written informed consent for this double-blind randomized crossover trial (HREC/2020/QPCH/66725). All participants were medically stable with no exacerbations within 3 months of participation. All testing was conducted at Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia, or The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.  \nIndividuals who consented to participate completed an incremental shuttle walk  \n................................................................. .............................................................. ..............................................................................  \ntest (ISWT) and were familiarized with the endurance shuttle walk test (ESWT). Walk speed of the ESWT was determined as 85% of the final velocity achieved in the ISWT. On separate days, participants completed two randomized 45-min lower-limb (knee-down) immersion protocols in a circulated water bath maintained to either 42∘ C (hot) or 30∘ C (control). Participants then completed the ESWT in accordance with standardized procedures5 within 5 min of being removed from the lower-limb immersion bath. Briefly, participants walked back-and-forth along a 10-m track (marked with cones) at the pre-determined speed until volitional fatigue. The assessor for the ESWT was blinded to the lower-limb immersion condition. Heart rate and pulse oximetry were recorded throughout immersion and the ESWT, while blood pressure (mean arterial pressure [MAP], brachial artery oscillometry) was recorded during immersion. Femoral artery blood flow (Doppler ultrasound) was measured at baseline resting, and at 15-min intervals during water immersion in a subset of eight participants. Muscle oxygenation was measured immediately following water immersion, and continuously throughout each ESWT using near-infrared spectroscopy, to estimate tissue saturation index (TSI) of the medial head of the gastrocnemius. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE; modified Borg scale, 0–10) was recorded at the completion of the ESWT.  \nThe primary outcome measure of interest was the change in ESWT distance. Data were analysed using linear mixed-effects models (α= 0.05) in Jamovi (v.2.3.28).  \nResults  \nTwenty-two participants (one woman, median [interquartile] age 71 [67–74] years, 1.7 [1.7–1.8] m, 78 [67–93] kg, left ventricular ejection fraction 37 [32–44]%, New York Heart Association functional class I [I–II]) completed both trial conditions. End-exercise ISWT was 6.1 [5.5–6.6] km⋅h−1 . MAP was not different during baseline rest (hot: 86 [81–96] vs. control: 86","cbCaipiJm8rigwR1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipiJm8rigwR1","pdf",427798,"English","# Introduction\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Discussion","[{\"question\":\"What was the study’s main aim?\",\"answer\":\"To assess whether acute lower-limb heating increases femoral artery blood flow and lower-limb tissue oxygenation, leading to improved post-heating exercise performance in individuals with HFrEF.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the lower-limb heating intervention administered?\",\"answer\":\"Participants completed randomized 45-min lower-limb (knee-down) immersion protocols in circulated water at 42°C (hot) or 30°C (control), followed by an endurance shuttle walk test within 5 minutes.\"},{\"question\":\"What outcomes improved after lower-limb heating?\",\"answer\":\"Femoral artery blood flow increased and endurance shuttle-walk distance improved after hot immersion compared with control, with effects also observed for changes in muscle tissue oxygenation during the test.\"}]","Acute lower-limb heating improves exercise performance in individuals with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction - Research Letter | PDF",1790655857]