[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-589931-105":59,"doc-detail-589931-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","acquisition-of-english-tense-and-aspect-translation-competence-by-behdini-students-an-experimental-study","Acquisition of English Tense and Aspect Translation Competence by Behdini Students - An Experimental Study","","The study investigates how Behdini learners acquire translation competence for the English tense and aspect system within translation training at the University of Duhok. It applies the Translation Competence Acquisition model using a Judgement Elicitation Task with translated English sentences spanning present continuous, present perfect, past continuous, and past perfect. Data are analyzed through mixed-effects modeling with lmer in R. Results show good acceptance of grammatical translations but difficulty rejecting ungrammatical ones, indicating incomplete acquisition; lower-proficiency learners use L1 grammar early, with later-stage increased parameter resetting.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/acquisition-of-english-tense-and-aspect-translation-competence-by-behdini-students-an-experimental-study/589931/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/acquisition-of-english-tense-and-aspect-translation-competence-by-behdini-students-an-experimental-study/589931.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cart","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study examine about Behdini learners?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examines Behdini learners’ acquisition of translation competence for translating the English tense and aspect system.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is data collected in the experimental study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A Judgement Elicitation Task is used, where learners provide acceptability judgments on translated sentences across four tense categories.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What are the main findings regarding grammatical versus ungrammatical translations?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Learners show good translation competence for accepting grammatical translations, but they fail to consistently reject ungrammatical translations, suggesting incomplete acquisition.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589931,1792618605,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},18829141979164,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Advances in Language and Literary Studies  \nISSN: 2203-4714  \n[www.alls.aiac.org.au](www.alls.aiac.org.au)  \n| Acquisition of English Tense and Aspect Translation Competence by Behdini Students: An Experimental Study\u003Cbr>Shivan Toma*, Mahdi Saddiq\u003Cbr>College of Languages, University of Duhok, Iraq\u003Cbr>Corresponding Author: Shivan Toma, E-mail: [shivan.toma@uod.ac](shivan.toma@uod.ac) |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| ARTICLE INFO | ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>This study is an attempt to investigate the acquisition of translation competence of the English tense and aspect system by Behdini learners who are students at the Translation Department atthe College of Languages in the University of Duhok. This paper is an experimental study that adopts the Translation Competence Acquisition model. There are many morphological and syntactic differences between English and Behdini tense and aspect and there are differences in terms of the usage of the tense and aspect between the two mentioned languages too. A Judgement Elicitation Task is employed as a tool to collect data in this study. 4o English sentences with their translations into Behdini are included in this task. Behdini learners are asked to make their judgements on each translated sentence. These test items are a mixture of four tenses: present continuous, present perfect, past continuous, and past perfect. Two subgroups of learners are involved in this study: the senior subgroup and the fresher subgroup in an attempt to investigate the effect of participants’ English language level and proficiency. Mixed-effects modeling has been used for analysing the data statistically. The lmer package (version is 3.3.1) has been employed with logit link function and binomial variance for the judgement data in R, which is an open-source language and environment for statistical computing. The main hypothesis of the study is that Behdini learners are not expected to attain a complete translation competence regarding the English tense and aspect system due to the differences between the two languages. The main results of the study show that while Behdini learners were able to attain a good translation competence in terms of accepting the grammatical translations, they failed to reject the ungrammatical translations. These findings implicate that Behdini learners’ acquisition of translation competence is not attained fully. It is also shown that Behdini students at lower proficiency levels employ their L1 grammar asthe first stage of their translation process, but at later stages of proficiency parameter resetting becomes more possible. |\n| Article history\u003Cbr>Received: November 14, 2018\u003Cbr>Accepted: February 19, 2019\u003Cbr>Published: April 30, 2019\u003Cbr>Volume: 10 Issue: 2\u003Cbr>Advance access: March 2019 |  |\n| Conflicts of interest: None\u003Cbr>Funding: None |  |\n| Key words:\u003Cbr>Translation Competence, Acquisition of Translation Competence,\u003Cbr>Behdini, Tense, Aspect, Translation Evaluation, Acceptability Judgement |  |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nAlthough it is something universal to express time in any language, the means by which time is expressed are actually language specific. Therefore, the process of acquiring a second language usually involves the acquisition of different linguistic means to express time. In other words, the principle of time expression is universal, yet each language has certain various parameters through which time is expressed.  \nIn general, languages refer to the three divisions of time (past, present, and future) by various means including verbal contrasts (e.g. write: wrote; dinivîsît: nivîsî), nouns (yesterday, now, later), particles, etc. Particular languages also differ in the use they make of these devices. Some languages use more verbal devices than others do; other languages favour non-verbal devices. Combinations of verbal and non-verbal devices are also common, probably more common than the use of these devices separately.  \nThe Research Problem  \nWhat is mentioned above does not only make the acquisition o","cbCaimRlS6KmUVnm","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimRlS6KmUVnm","pdf",1244204,14,"English","# Introduction\n## The Research Problem\n## Aims of the Research","[{\"question\":\"What does the study examine about Behdini learners?\",\"answer\":\"It examines Behdini learners’ acquisition of translation competence for translating the English tense and aspect system.\"},{\"question\":\"How is data collected in the experimental study?\",\"answer\":\"A Judgement Elicitation Task is used, where learners provide acceptability judgments on translated sentences across four tense categories.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main findings regarding grammatical versus ungrammatical translations?\",\"answer\":\"Learners show good translation competence for accepting grammatical translations, but they fail to consistently reject ungrammatical translations, suggesting incomplete acquisition.\"}]","Acquisition of English Tense and Aspect Translation Competence by Behdini Students - An Experimental Study | PDF",1792068426,35]