[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-45418-en":3,"doc-seo-45418-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},45418,687197100911,"Himbo","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1782698725881665579",8,"Research & Report","Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr","Accusations of unbelief in Islam are examined through a diachronic study of takfīr, exploring how branding opponents as unbelievers has appeared from the earliest centuries to modern contexts. The volume surveys key historical episodes, vocabulary and biographical sources, regional cases such as Egypt, Syria, and Safavid Iran, and contemporary militant appropriations. It also addresses legal and social dimensions: prayer and apostasy, cultural construction of defamation and blasphemy, and the evidentiary role of literary works.","Accusations of Unbelief in Islam  \nIslamic History and Civilization  \nStudies and Texts  \nEditorial Board  \nHinrich Biesterfeldt  \nSebastian Günther  \nWadad Kadi  \nVOLUME 123  \nThe titles published in this [series are listed at](series are listed at brill.com/ihc)[ brill.com/ihc](series are listed at brill.com/ihc)  \nAccusations of Unbelief in Islam  \nA Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr  \nEdited by  \nCamilla Adang, Hassan Ansari, Maribel Fierro and Sabine Schmidtke  \nLEIDEN | BOSTON  \nCover illustration: Ms. Berlin, Landberg 437. Fol. 50v. (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin). With kind permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data  \nAccusations of unbelief in Islam: a diachronic perspective on takfir / Edited by Camilla Adang, Hassan Ansari, Maribel Fierro and Sabine Schmidtke.  \npages cm.—(Islamic history and civilization ; v. 123)  \nISBN 978-90-04-30473-4 (hardback : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-90-04-30783-4 (e-book)  \n1. Kufr (Islam) 2. Islam—Doctrines—History. I. Adang, Camilla, editor. II. Ansari, Hasan, 1970 or 1971-, editor. III. Fierro, Ma. Isabel (María Isabel), editor. IV. Schmidtke, Sabine, editor.  \nBP166.785.A39 2015  \n297.2—dc23  \n2015030452  \nThis publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities.  \nFor more information, please [see www.brill.com/brill-typeface](see www.brill.com/brill-typeface).  \nissn 0929-2403  \nisbn 978-90-04-30473-4 (hardback)  \nisbn 978-90-04-30783-4 (e-book)  \nCopyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.  \nKoninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing.  \nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.  \nAuthorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.  \nFees are subject to change.  \nThis book is printed on acid-free paper.  \nContents  \nPreface and Acknowledgements ix  \nList of Contributors xi  \nIntroduction 1  \npart 1  \nTakfīr through Islamic History  \nsection 1  \nThe Early Period (First/Seventh–Fourth/Tenth Centuries)  \n1 Self-defining through Faith: The walāya and barāʾa Dynamics among the  \nEarly Ibāḍis 29  \nErsilia Francesca  \n2 Were the Umayyad-Era Qadarites Kāfirs? 42  \nSteven Judd  \n3 Denouncing the Damned Zindīq! Struggle and Interaction between  \nMonotheism and Dualism 56  \nIstván T. Kristó-Nagy  \n4 Kufr et takfīr dans l’ismaélisme fatimide: Le Kitāb Tanbīh al-hādī de Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī 82  \nDaniel DeSmet  \nSection 2  \nThe Classical and Post-Classical Period (Fifth/Eleventh– Eleventh/Eighteenth Centuries)  \n5 The Vocabulary of“Unbelief” in Three Biographical Dictionaries and  \nTwo Historical Chronicles of the 7th/13th and 8th/14th Centuries 105 Sonja Brentjes  \nvi contents  \n6 Takfīrin Egypt and Syria during the Mamlūk Period 155 Amalia Levanoni  \n7 Takfīrand Messianism: The Ḥurūfī Case 189 Orkhan Mir-Kasimov  \n8 The Qāḍīzādeli Movement and the Revival of takfīrin the Ottoman Age 213  \nSimeon Evstatiev  \n9 The takfīr of the Philosophers (and Sufis) in Safavid Iran 244 Sajjad Rizvi  \nSection 3  \nThe Modern Period  \n10 The Cost of Condemnation: Heresy and takfīrin a South Indian  \nCommunity 273  \nBrian J. Didier  \n11 The Sum ofits Parts: The State as Apostate in Contemporary Saudi  \nMilitant Islamism 304  \nJustyna Nedza  \n12 “The Kāfir Religion of the West”: Takfīr of Democracy and Democrats  \nby Radical Islamists 327  \nJoas Wagemakers  \n13 On the takfīr of Arab Women’s Rights Advocates in Recent Times 354 RoswithaBadry  \n14 Ap","cbCaib5T1jL8OVGz","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaib5T1jL8OVGz","pdf",2661279,4,1,552,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Takfīr through Islamic History\n## The Early Period (First/Seventh–Fourth/Tenth Centuries)\n## The Classical and Post-Classical Period (Fifth/Eleventh–Eleventh/Eighteenth Centuries)\n## The Modern Period\n# Discussing Takfīr: Different Perspectives\n## Essential Islam: The Minimum that a Muslim is Required to Acknowledge\n## Abandoning Prayer and the Declaration of Unbelief in Imāmī Jurisprudence\n## Society and Propriety: Defamation and Blasphemy as Crimes in Islamic Law\n## Literary Works as Evidence of Unbelief\n## Between Unity and Diversity in Islamic Mysticism","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of the volume on takfīr?\",\"answer\":\"The volume investigates takfīr as the practice of accusing opponents of unbelief, tracing its legitimacy, usage, and debates across Islamic history into modern contexts.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the historical study of takfīr organized?\",\"answer\":\"The content is arranged chronologically, covering the early period, the classical/post-classical period, and the modern period, with multiple case studies across regions and communities.\"},{\"question\":\"Which additional perspectives are included beyond historical narratives?\",\"answer\":\"The volume also discusses takfīr through juristic and cultural lenses, including topics such as apostasy and prayer, legal treatment of defamation and blasphemy, and how literary works may function as evidence of unbelief.\"}]",1783459222,1391,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"accusations-of-unbelief-in-islam-a-diachronic-perspective-on-takfir","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/accusations-of-unbelief-in-islam-a-diachronic-perspective-on-takfir/45418/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-16","2026-07-07",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What 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