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In parallel analysis of BLV-infected cattle samples, canonical BLV miRNAs were robustly detected, validating analytical sensitivity. The results indicate BLV miRNAs are absent or below detection thresholds in human breast cancer and leukemia miRNomes under standard small-RNA sequencing workflows.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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Callaghan","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-23","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":30},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What did the study test regarding bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and human cancer?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"It tested whether BLV-encoded microRNAs are detectable in human cancer small RNA-seq datasets, particularly breast cancer and different leukemia types.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How did the researchers validate their analysis workflow?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"They processed six small RNA datasets from BLV-infected and uninfected cattle in parallel to confirm the pipeline could detect canonical BLV miRNAs when present.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What were the main findings in human datasets?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Across 335 human small RNA-seq datasets, only 60 reads aligned to BLV miRNA reference sequences, with patterns consistent with background noise rather than biologically meaningful viral miRNAs.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},351394,1790143598,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & 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small RNA-seq datasets  \nJuan Pablo Jaworski1  \nAUTHOR AFFILIATION See affiliation list on p. 13.  \nABSTRACT Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) encodes 10 mature microRNAs (miRNAs) that are highly expressed in infected cattle and have been implicated in oncogenic mechanisms. A potential association between BLV and human cancer remains controversial: while several reports have detected BLV proviral DNA in human breast tissue, highthroughput sequencing analyses have failed to identify BLV nucleic acids in human tumors. Here, we performed a high-sensitivity screen for BLV miRNAs across 335 publicly available human small RNA-seq data sets, including breast cancer (BCA), acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and healthy controls, totaling approximately 1.98 billion trimmed reads. To validate our analytical workflow, six small RNA data sets from BLV-infected and uninfected cattle were processed in parallel. Across the human data sets, only 60 reads (0.000003%) aligned to BLV miRNA reference sequences, predominantly STAR strands or sequences containing mismatches—patterns consistent with background noise rather than biologically meaningful viral miRNAs. In contrast, BLV miRNAs were robustly detected across BLV-infected cattle samples, confirming pipeline sensitivity for canonical BLV miRNAs. These results demonstrate that BLV miRNAs are absent or below the operational detection threshold in human BCA and human leukemia miRNomes using standard small-RNA sequencing workflows and canonical reference sequences.  \nIMPORTANCE Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes leukemia in cattle. BLV genome encodes for microRNAs (miRNAs) that can influence how cells grow. Some researchers have suggested that BLV might also play a role in human cancers, especially breast cancer (BCA), but scientific studies have produced conflicting results. In our work, we analyzed nearly two billion genetic sequences from 335 human cancer samples—including BCA and several types of leukemia—to look for BLV miRNAs. We found almost no sequences that resembled BLV miRNAs, and those few likely represented background noise rather than true viral signals. In contrast, BLV miRNAs were easily detected in infected cattle samples. Our results indicate that BLV miRNAs are not present at meaningful levels in particular human cancers (i.e., leukemia and BCA) .  \nKEYWORDS micro-RNA, miRNA, cancer, human, bovine leukemia virus, BLV, virus  \nB ovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus that causes malignant B-cell lym  \nphoma in up to 10% of infected cattle (1) . There are controversies regarding the association between BLV and cancer development in humans (2) . In a series of casecontrol studies, involving samples of breast tissue from the United States (n = 224) and Australia (n = 96), Buehring et al. reported that the presence of BLV proviral DNA (determined by in situ PCR) augmented the risk of developing breast cancer (BCA) in both populations (OR = 3.1 and OR = 4.7, respectively) (3, 4) . In addition, several other publications support the association between exposure to BLV and human cancer (5– 11) . Although BLV-reactive antibodies have been detected in human plasma (12), the  \nEditor Peter Pelka, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada  \nAddress correspondence to Juan Pablo Jaworski, [jaworski.juan@inta.gob.ar](jaworski.juan@inta.gob.ar).  \nauthor declares conflict of interest  \nTABLE 1 PRJNA1126751: Small RNA sequencing of exosomes in BCA screening population (human)a  \n\n| Number of reads that align on |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Sample ID | Cancer type | Post trim reads | Total no of reads | blv- blv- blv- blv- blv- blvmiR- miR- miR- miR- miR- miRB1-3p B1-5p B2-3p B2-5p B3-3pB3-5p | blv- blvmiR- miRB4-3p B4-5p | blvmiRB5-3p | blvmiRB5-5p | hsa-","cbCaied1OsROzEvf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaied1OsROzEvf","pdf",955902,15,"English","# Abstract\n# Importance\n# Keywords\n## Background and controversy\n## Methods and validation\n## Results and conclusions","[{\"question\":\"What did the study test regarding bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and human cancer?\",\"answer\":\"It tested whether BLV-encoded microRNAs are detectable in human cancer small RNA-seq datasets, particularly breast cancer and different leukemia types.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the researchers validate their analysis workflow?\",\"answer\":\"They processed six small RNA datasets from BLV-infected and uninfected cattle in parallel to confirm the pipeline could detect canonical BLV miRNAs when present.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main findings in human datasets?\",\"answer\":\"Across 335 human small RNA-seq datasets, only 60 reads aligned to BLV miRNA reference sequences, with patterns consistent with background noise rather than biologically meaningful viral miRNAs.\"}]","Absence of detectable bovine leukemia virus miRNAs in human cancer small RNA-seq datasets | PDF",1790093987,38]