[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-603097-105":3,"doc-detail-603097-en":81,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":98},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","a-validity-and-reliability-analysis-of-the-pre-service-teachers-attitudes-towards-virtual-classroom-environment-scale","A Validity and Reliability Analysis of the Pre-service Teachers' Attitudes towards Virtual Classroom Environment Scale","","Develop a measurement tool for determining pre-service teachers’ attitudes toward virtual classroom environments. The study reviewed related literature, collected student opinions, and produced a 50-item piloting form. Expert review for content validity led to minor revisions, resulting in a final 50-item scale. The scale was administered to 282 Gazi University faculty of education students in the spring term of 2021–2022. Exploratory factor analysis yielded 46 items with two sub-dimensions and 62.79% total variance explanation, with Cronbach’s alpha .98 overall and .98/.96 for sub-factors.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-validity-and-reliability-analysis-of-the-pre-service-teachers-attitudes-towards-virtual-classroom-environment-scale/603097/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-validity-and-reliability-analysis-of-the-pre-service-teachers-attitudes-towards-virtual-classroom-environment-scale/603097.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"MrHarris58","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",8,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What was the main purpose of the study?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"To develop a measurement tool that determines pre-service teachers’ attitudes toward virtual classroom environments.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How was the scale developed and refined?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"A 50-item piloting form was prepared from literature review and student opinions, then revised after expert feedback for content validity.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What validity and reliability results were reported?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Exploratory factor analysis produced a 46-item scale with two sub-dimensions and 62.79% total variance explained; Cronbach’s alpha was .98 overall, with sub-factor coefficients of .98 and .96.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},603097,1792162344,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",{"doc_id":79,"user_id":84,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":85,"doc_module":4,"category_id":55,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":86,"file_id":87,"file_url":88,"file_type":89,"file_size":90,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":91,"language":92,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":93,"faqs":94,"seo_title":95,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":96,"read_time":97},687212988360,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","A Validity and Reliability Analysis of the Pre-service Teachers' Attitudes towards Virtual Classroom Environment Scale  \nFiliz ÇETİN1  \nGazi University  \nÖzden DEMIRKAN2  \nGazi University  \nAbstract  \nThis studyaims to develop a measurement tool to be used to determine the attitudes of pre-service teachers towards virtual classroom environments. For this purpose, the literature on the subject was examined, and student opinions were taken. As a result of these processes, a 50-item piloting form of the scale was prepared. The prepared scale items were presented to the expert opinion in terms of content validity, and after the feedback obtained from the experts, some items were rearranged with minor corrections and transformed into a 50-item scale. The scale was administered to 282 students, 234 female and 48 male, studying in different teaching programs and different grade levels at Gazi University Gazi Faculty of Education in the spring term of the 2021-2022 academic year. Validity and reliability analyses of the scale were made based on the data set obtained as a result of the application. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed for construct validity, and as a result of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), a scale consisting of 46 items and 2 sub-dimensions was obtained. The total variance explanation rate of the two factors in the structure of the scale was 62.79% . The reliability analysis results obtained for the scale revealed that the Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient for the overall scale was .98, and the reliability coefficients for the sub-factors were .98 and .96, respectively.  \nKeywords: Virtual Classroom, Attitude, Pre-Service Teachers  \nDOI: 10.29329/epasr.2023.548 .7  \nSubmitted:29 November 2022 Accepted: 01 March 2023 Published: 01 June 2023  \n1Assoc.Prof.Dr., Gazi Faculty of Education, Gazi Universty, Ankara, Turkey, ORCID: 0000-0002-6806-0160 [ficetin@gazi.edu.tr](ficetin@gazi.edu.tr)  \n2Assoc.Prof.Dr., Gazi Faculty of Education, Gazi Universty, Ankara, Turkey, ORCID: 0000-0002-7201-6410 [oozden@gazi.edu.tr](oozden@gazi.edu.tr)  \nIntroduction  \nLearning environment refers to the different physical spaces, environments, and cultures in which students perform their learning. The term also describes the culture, i.e. the shared value and belief system or \"spirit\" of a school or classroom, how people interact with one another, how they treat each other, and how teachers organize an educational environment to facilitate learning (Glossary of Education Reform, 2014) .  \nThe virtual classroom, on the other hand, is a teaching and learning environment within a computer-mediated communication system (Turoff, 1995), where students come together in different places under the guidance of a teacher and provide two-way communication between the teacher and the learner through visual, auditory, and textual means. It is defined as an online learning environment where tools are used (Can, 2020) .  \nVirtual classrooms are spaces that share some of the characteristics of classrooms operating in real space but differ in some aspects. For example, in a virtual classroom, teachers can interact with students in real time, and students can interact with their peers over the internet, just as they would ina regular classroom. In physical classrooms, seating is often limited so that students can sit comfortably and have enough space for themselves. In contrast, virtual classrooms allow more students to attend classes at the same time. This makes information much more accessible with higher engagement. Like classrooms in real spaces, students and teachers can be online at the same time to facilitate instant interaction in virtual classrooms, or they can also use pre-recorded components such as videos, presentations, and lecture slides offline to facilitate learning (Sam, 2020) .  \nYan defined the virtual classroom as follows: \"Unlike a physical classroom where teachers and students are in the same environment, a virtua","cbCaifnGMbpVTh9Y","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifnGMbpVTh9Y","pdf",437979,15,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Learning environment and virtual classroom definitions\n## Features of virtual classrooms\n## Brief comparison with traditional classrooms","[{\"question\":\"What was the main purpose of the study?\",\"answer\":\"To develop a measurement tool that determines pre-service teachers’ attitudes toward virtual classroom environments.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the scale developed and refined?\",\"answer\":\"A 50-item piloting form was prepared from literature review and student opinions, then revised after expert feedback for content validity.\"},{\"question\":\"What validity and reliability results were reported?\",\"answer\":\"Exploratory factor analysis produced a 46-item scale with two sub-dimensions and 62.79% total variance explained; Cronbach’s alpha was .98 overall, with sub-factor coefficients of .98 and .96.\"}]","A Validity and Reliability Analysis of the Pre-service Teachers' Attitudes towards Virtual Classroom Environment Scale | PDF",1792095706,38,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":99},[100,104,108,112,117,122,127,130,135,138,142],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":113,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":119,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":128,"slug":129},30,"research-report",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":134},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":137},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":139,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":140,"show_sort_weight":139,"slug":141},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":143,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":144,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":145},19,"General","general"]