[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-83604-en":3,"doc-seo-83604-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},83604,16904993612988,"Olivia Brown","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd",8,"Research & Report","A Unified Framework for Hybrid Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Inverter Control","This paper proposes a unified inverter control framework that enables hybrid grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) operation in a single continuous structure. By integrating dispatchable virtual oscillator control with reference-following synchronization, the method supports multiple operating modes: PQ, PV, Qf, Vf, and a hybrid mode combining mixed GFM/GFL behaviors. Seamless pre-synchronization and smooth mode transitions are achieved by tuning a small set of continuous parameters rather than using discrete switching. Small-signal stability and input–output frequency-domain behavior are analyzed, validated through EMT simulations and HIL experiments.","A Unified Framework for Hybrid Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Inverter Control  \nXiaoyang Wang, Graduate Student Member, IEEE, Xin Chen, Member, IEEE  \narXiv :2607 .01616v1 [ ee ss . SY] 2 Jul 2026  \nAbstract—This paper proposes a novel unified control framework for achieving hybrid grid-forming (GFM) and gridfollowing (GFL) inverter operation by integrating dispatchable virtual oscillator control with reference-following synchronization. The proposed inverter control method supports multiple operating modes within a unified structure, including voltage- and frequency-following (PQ mode), voltage-forming and frequencyfollowing (PV mode), voltage-following and frequency-forming (Qf mode), voltage- and frequency-forming (Vf mode), and a hybrid mode with mixed GFM and GFL behaviors. In particular, the proposed method achieves smooth pre-synchronization and enables seamless transitions across a spectrum of inverter operating modes by tuning a small set of continuous control parameters, rather than relying on discrete controller switching. This framework provides a flexible and physically interpretable approach for adapting inverter dynamics to varying grid conditions and operational requirements. The small-signal stability and inputoutput frequency-domain characteristics are further analyzed under different control parameter settings. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed unified control method are demonstrated through extensive electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments.  \nIndex Terms—Unified grid-forming and grid-following, hybrid control, virtual oscillator control, multi-mode inverter operation.  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nP  \nOWER electronic converters areas interfaces for various types of  \nincreasingly deployed renewable generation,  \nenergy storage systems, and grid-supporting devices, leading to the large-scale integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) into modern power grids [1], [2] . Depending on the synchronization and control mechanisms, the operation of voltage-source inverters in IBRs can be broadly classified into two main categories: grid-following (GFL) control and grid-forming (GFM) control [2]–[4] . GFL inverters rely on an external grid voltage for synchronization, typically using a phase-locked loop (PLL) to estimate the grid voltage phase angle and frequency. Based on this measured grid reference, they regulate the injected current or power and thus behave like controllable current sources. In contrast, GFM inverters establish an internal voltage phasor and synchronize with the grid through their own voltage and frequency dynamics, thus behaving like controllable voltage sources. Typical GFM  \nX. Wang and X. Chen are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840 USA ([emails: wangxy@tamu.edu](emails: wangxy@tamu.edu), xin [chen@tamu.edu](chen@tamu.edu)).  \nThis work was supported in part by NSF AMPS 2523934, in part by NSF CAREER 2541998, and in part by the Consortium on AI and Large Flexible Load (CALL) at Texas A&M University. (Corresponding author: Xin Chen) .  \ncontrol methods include droop-based control [2], virtual synchronous machine (VSM) control [5], and dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC) [6] . These different GFL and GFM control mechanisms lead to distinct dynamic characteristics, stability properties, and grid-support capabilities [7]–[9] .  \nUnlike synchronous generators, whose dynamics are largely governed by their physical structures and electromechanical characteristics, inverter dynamics are primarily determined by control algorithms. This control-dominated nature provides substantial flexibility in shaping inverter behavior. Therefore, inverter dynamic behavior is not inherently constrained by the conventional GFM/GFL dichotomy, but can instead be designed to span a broad spectrum beyond these two categories [10], [11] . In particular, the voltage- and frequencyform","cbCaiu0qQg4h2vwR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiu0qQg4h2vwR","pdf",13678135,1,24,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Background: GFM vs GFL Inverter Control\n## Motivation for Unified Hybrid Control\n## Related Work: Unified/Hybrid GFM-GFL Frameworks\n## Comparison Categories: Switching, Blending, Auxiliary-Loop Embedding","[{\"question\":\"What control concept is used to unify grid-forming and grid-following inverter operation?\",\"answer\":\"The framework integrates dispatchable virtual oscillator control with reference-following synchronization, allowing GFM and GFL behaviors to coexist within one unified structure.\"},{\"question\":\"Which operating modes does the proposed unified control framework support?\",\"answer\":\"It supports multiple modes, including voltage- and frequency-following (PQ), voltage-forming and frequency-following (PV), voltage-following and frequency-forming (Qf), voltage- and frequency-forming (Vf), and a hybrid mode with mixed GFM/GFL behaviors.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the method achieve smooth transitions across inverter operating modes?\",\"answer\":\"It performs smooth pre-synchronization and enables seamless mode transitions by tuning a small set of continuous control parameters instead of relying on discrete controller switching.\"}]",1784189199,60,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":27},"a-unified-framework-for-hybrid-grid-forming-and-grid-following-inverter-control","",{"@graph":35,"@context":85},[36,53,68],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-unified-framework-for-hybrid-grid-forming-and-grid-following-inverter-control/83604/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-17","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What control concept is used to unify grid-forming and grid-following inverter operation?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The framework integrates dispatchable virtual oscillator control with reference-following synchronization, allowing GFM and GFL behaviors to coexist within one unified structure.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"Which operating modes does the proposed unified control framework support?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It supports multiple modes, including voltage- and frequency-following (PQ), voltage-forming and frequency-following (PV), voltage-following and frequency-forming (Qf), voltage- and frequency-forming (Vf), and a hybrid mode with mixed GFM/GFL behaviors.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How does the method achieve smooth transitions across inverter operating modes?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"It performs smooth pre-synchronization and enables seamless mode transitions by tuning a small set of continuous control parameters instead of relying on discrete controller switching.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,109,114,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":28,"slug":108},5,"Comic","comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]