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The document traces policy shifts from HECS and fee reforms in the late 1980s and early 1990s to Coalition-era budget cuts that reduced funded places and weakened equity of access. It evaluates the need for external quality control mechanisms, while noting that even with accreditation, equity and national-interest concerns remain unresolved.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-u-s-t-r-a-l-i-a-n-u-n-i-v-e-r-s-i-t-i-e-s-r-e-v-i-e-w-feature-postgraduate-education-marketisation-and-the-new-quality-agenda/595369/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-u-s-t-r-a-l-i-a-n-u-n-i-v-e-r-s-i-t-i-e-s-r-e-v-i-e-w-feature-postgraduate-education-marketisation-and-the-new-quality-agenda/595369.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Blitz","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the document describe the deregulation rationale for postgraduate students?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It explains that deregulation is justified by arguing higher education confers significant private benefits, so students should “invest” in access to future wealth.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What policy changes are discussed in the document’s deregulation background?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It covers the 1988 Federal Budget introducing HECS for domestic undergraduates and permitting universities to charge fees for some domestic postgraduate students, with later rule relaxations that largely deregulated fees by 1994.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What consequences does the document identify from marketisation and funding cuts?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It links intensified marketisation and Coalition cuts to reduced equity of access and undermined effectiveness of internal quality controls, while also describing changes in enrolled domestic postgraduate coursework numbers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},595369,1792193125,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},24464137899374,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","A U S T R A L I A N U N I V E R S I T I E S ’ R E V I E W  \n Feature: Postgraduate Education   \nMarketisation and the new quality agenda:  \npostgraduate coursework at the crossroads  \nBRADLEY SMITH AND MARK FRANKLAND  \nCouncil of Australian Postgraduate Associations  \nIntroduction  \nDeregulation and competitive market conditions are held by the Minister, Dr Kemp, and some vice-chancellors and commentators, as the only viable policy for addressing the acute resourcing difficulties of Australian universities. The core of the deregulationist argument in respect of students is that higher education confer s a significant private benefit. Thus, students should ‘invest’ in their access to future wealth. 1  \nThe consequences of marketisation on postgraduate coursework are a salutary reminder of the limitations of deregulation. The ‘market’ emerged as the primary organisational principle in postgraduate coursework education between 1989 and 1994 under the ALP. Intensified marketisation under the Coalition in the form of the cutting of the bulk of funded places has served to further reduce equity of access and to further undermine the efficacy of both internal quality control measures and the normative setting of educational standards.  \nIn this environment, external quality control measures such as the Australian Universities Quality Agency (AQUA) and the National Protocol for: The Recognition of Universities, The Accreditation of Courses Offered by Non-University Providers, and the Operations of Overseas Higher Education Providers in Australia (The National Protocol), are required if students’ consumer rights are to be protected. However, even if the latter is achieved, and this is by no means certain, it will do nothing to address equity of access and other national interest considerations.  \nDeregulation: background  \nIn the 1988 Federal Budget the Hawke Labor Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) for domestic higher education students and permitted universities to charge fees for some domestic postgraduate students. These deregulatory measures were introduced to help fund the expansion and ‘reform’ of higher education under the rubric of the‘clever country’ (Dawkins 1988) .  \nInitially postgraduate fees could only be charged to people already in employment seeking formal award courses for professional upgrading. At this time, they could not be charged to continuing students. In 1991, 1993 and 1994 the rules were progressively relaxed so that by 1994 fee-paying was largely deregulated.2 There were no maximum or minimum fees, institutions were able to charge fees on courses within funded load and the 20% cap on fee-paying postgraduates within total funded load was removed. The two remaining constraints were:  \n• fees could not be charged for initial entry vocational qualifications in teaching and nursing and  \n• funding equivalent of one discounted minimum differential HECS fee was withheld from operating grant for each fee-paying postgraduate within load, if postgraduate load target was not met.3  \nThis essentially describes the current situation although from 2000 institutions are not able to enrol feepaying postgraduates within the quantum of fully funded places.  \nA U S T R A L I A N U N I V E R S I T I E S ’ R E V I E W  \nThis is expected to maximise the number of postgraduate places available to HECS-liable students at the coursework level and will discontinue the cross subsidy for feepaying places (DETYA, 1999, p. 96) .  \nCoalition cuts to funded places for postgraduate coursework  \nThe ALP initially argued that postgraduate fees were primarily a mechanism to help fund expansion of higher education but increasingly the rationale has been framedin terms of deregulation and ‘marketisation’ (Woolf and Quarmby, 1999) . This emphasis was entrenched after the 1996 Federal Budget when the Coalition announced a series of budget cuts to higher education for the triennium 1997 – 1999. Undergraduate funde","cbCaichMoIFmPLlQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaichMoIFmPLlQ","pdf",226358,"English","# Introduction\n## Deregulation: background\n## Coalition cuts to funded places for postgraduate coursework\n## Consequences: Declining domestic numbers","[{\"question\":\"How does the document describe the deregulation rationale for postgraduate students?\",\"answer\":\"It explains that deregulation is justified by arguing higher education confers significant private benefits, so students should “invest” in access to future wealth.\"},{\"question\":\"What policy changes are discussed in the document’s deregulation background?\",\"answer\":\"It covers the 1988 Federal Budget introducing HECS for domestic undergraduates and permitting universities to charge fees for some domestic postgraduate students, with later rule relaxations that largely deregulated fees by 1994.\"},{\"question\":\"What consequences does the document identify from marketisation and funding cuts?\",\"answer\":\"It links intensified marketisation and Coalition cuts to reduced equity of access and undermined effectiveness of internal quality controls, while also describing changes in enrolled domestic postgraduate coursework numbers.\"}]","A U S T R A L I A N U N I V E R S I T I E S ’ R E V I E W - Feature: Postgraduate Education - Marketisation and the new quality agenda | PDF",1792081006,25]