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Survey data from 665 academics with recent administration experience in 2016 and 2018 are analysed for median annual work hours across operational and strategic service activities and formal administrative roles. Findings inform holistic workload model development and future performance assessment using output measures.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-u-s-t-r-a-l-i-a-n-u-n-i-v-e-r-s-i-t-i-e-s-r-e-v-i-e-w-academic-administration-and-service-workloads-in-australian-universities/594857/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-u-s-t-r-a-l-i-a-n-u-n-i-v-e-r-s-i-t-i-e-s-r-e-v-i-e-w-academic-administration-and-service-workloads-in-australian-universities/594857.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mary Man","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-20","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does the paper address regarding academic workload?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It addresses how to manage academic performance and workload effectively, especially the linked issues of workload allocation and performance management in universities.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the research data collected and from whom?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Data were collected from 665 academics with recent administration experience using a nation-wide survey conducted in 2016 and 2018.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What key finding emerges about academic service work?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The analysis further categorised academic service into operational and strategic activities.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},594857,1792232051,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},7421720224475,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","A U S T R A L I A N U N I V E R S I T I E S ’ R E V I E W  \nAcademic administration and service workloads in Australian universities  \nJohn Kenny & Andrew Fluck  \nUniversity of Tasmania  \nThis paper addresses the important and linked questions of how to manage academic performance and workload effectively. It highlights the need in a modern, corporatised university to consider the nature of academic work and optimal ways to develop workload allocation and performance management processes. This paper complements two previous papers on time associated with teaching and research components of academic work by exploring service/administration workloads. Data were collected from 665 academics with recent administration experience through a nation-wide survey in 2016 and 2018. The data were analysed to understand the median annual work hours for a range of internal and external service activities, and for a range of formal administrative roles. The analysis showed a further categorisation of academic service into operational and strategic activities. Together, the three papers underpin holistic academic workload model development using empirical annual hour allocations from a large and representative national sample of academics. This article provides an essential basis for any future consideration of performance assessment based on output measures such as research expectations, impact or quality.  \nKeywords: academic workloads, workload models, service teaching, academic administration  \nIntroduction  \nUniversities and their middle managers face increasing demands for improved efficiency and accountability (Stensaker, Frølich & Aamodt, 2018).These internationally relevant economic drivers have led to quality assurance measures (Song, 2018) and diminishing university autonomy (Eastman et al., 2018) . Performance-based metrics have emerged, most notably in research, such as Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA); Research Excellence Framework (Britain) and elsewhere (Kwok, 2013).These metrics purport to measure output quality atan institutional level yet have direct impact for individual academics (Kwok 2013, Kenny 2017) . To date, little research has been done on the level of inputs (in terms of time) required for academic staff to undertake key  \ncomponents of their work. Without this information, the staff costs associated with conducting research, teaching, administrative and service duties remain opaque, making planning for efficiency gains nearly impossible.  \nAcademic work is notoriously difficult to quantify (Boyd, 2014), but the rationale for managing academic workload stems from the notion of accountability as one of the‘tenets of new public management’(Bryson et al., 2014, p. 446) .Through performance management and workload allocation processes, accountability for institutional performance has been increasingly transferred onto individual academics (Franco-Santos, Rivera & Bourne, 2014; Kenny 2017) . This further underscores the need for effective processes to manage academic workload and performance. However, the resolution of these issues carries deep political and power undertones in  \nvol. 61, no. 2, 2019 Academic administration and service workloads in Australian universities John Kenny & Andrew Fluck 21  \nA U S T R A L I A N U N I V E R S I T I E S ’ R E V I E W  \nuniversities (Kenny, Fluck & Jetson, 2012; Kenny & Fluck, 2014; Kenny & Fluck, 2017; Soliman, 1999;Vardi, 2009) .  \nBoyd (2014) reported mistrust giving rise to scepticism and anger if workload models were perceived as imposed by management to control staff;they highlighted‘the need for enhanced collaborative endeavours and transparency from managers within all sectors ofthe university’(p.320) . Moreover, workload models were perceived‘as a means of restoring trust between academics and management’(pp. 321-2) .  \nBoyd (2014,p.317) also noted that‘(p)ublished literature dealing with workload models within the tertiary sector is scarce’. Further, drawing","cbCaikYLrz3SkFKN","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikYLrz3SkFKN","pdf",196223,"English","# Introduction\n# Background to the study","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the paper address regarding academic workload?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses how to manage academic performance and workload effectively, especially the linked issues of workload allocation and performance management in universities.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the research data collected and from whom?\",\"answer\":\"Data were collected from 665 academics with recent administration experience using a nation-wide survey conducted in 2016 and 2018.\"},{\"question\":\"What key finding emerges about academic service work?\",\"answer\":\"The analysis further categorised academic service into operational and strategic activities.\"}]","A U S T R A L I A N U N I V E R S I T I E S ’ R E V I E W - Academic administration and service workloads in Australian universities | PDF",1792079973,25]