[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-592222-105":59,"doc-detail-592222-en":134},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":127,"head_meta":129,"extra_data":131,"updated_unix":133},105,"en","a-typology-of-career-barriers","A Typology of Career Barriers","","Research on career barriers among college students has mainly examined correlates, leaving limited understanding of specific career-barrier typologies. Using cluster analysis, this study identified distinct patterns in 318 college students’ responses on the Korean college students’ Career Barrier Inventory (KCBI). Variables included personality facets (hardiness, trait anxiety, locus of control, resilience, optimism) and career maturity attitude. Results produced four participant groups and showed personality and maturity-attitude differences across clusters.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-typology-of-career-barriers/592222/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-typology-of-career-barriers/592222.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Grenda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study aim to do regarding career barriers?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It explores career barrier typology among college students using cluster analysis, rather than focusing only on general correlates.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How many student participants were included, and what instrument was used?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study analyzed 318 college students using the Korean college students’ Career Barrier Inventory (KCBI).",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which variables were used to characterize the career barrier groups?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Personality-related variables (hardiness, trait anxiety, locus of control, resilience, optimism) and career maturity attitude were used.",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"What were the major outcomes of the cluster analysis?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"Four groups were identified: a salient external barrier group, a well-adjusted group, a salient internal barrier group, and the worst barrier group, with differing personality and maturity-attitude patterns across groups.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},592222,1792171653,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":143,"language":144,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":145,"faqs":146,"seo_title":147,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":148,"read_time":149,"preview_page_count":4},7971474921005,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Asia Pacific Education Review Copyright 2008 by Education Research Institute  \n2008, Vol. 9, No.2, 157-167.  \nA Typology of Career Barriers  \nSang Hee Lee Kumlan Yu Sang Min Lee  \nKwangwoon University University of Texas at San Antonio Korea University  \nKorea USA Korea  \nWhile most studies have focused primarily on the correlates of career barriers, research examining specific career barrier typology experienced among college students remains limited. Employing cluster analysis, this study explored the career barrier typology of 318 college students using the Korean college students' Career Barrier Inventory (KCBI) . The variables used in this study included ‘personality’ (hardiness, trait anxiety, locus of control, resilience, and optimism) and ‘career maturity attitude’. Two major conclusions were drawn. Firstly, cluster analysis of the KCBI identified four groups of participants; (a) a salient external career barrier group,(b)  \na well adjusted group, (c) a salient internal career barrier group, and (d) the worst career barrier group.  \nSecondly, the results suggest discrepant differences of personality variables and career attitude maturity among the clustered groups. Limitations of the present study and suggestions for future research are also discussed.  \nKey words: career barriers, typology, personality variables, career maturity attitude  \nIntroduction  \nAlthough the importance of perceived barriers in career decision-making has been recognized in earlier career development research (Crites, 1971; Gottfredson, 1981), it is only recently that researchers have begun to scientifically examine the role they play in the career decision-making process (Patton, Creed, & Watson, 2003) . Past studies have regularly highlighted college students’ perceived multiple barriers to career goal attainment (Lent, Brown, & Hackett,  \nSang Hee Lee, Department of Industrial Psychology at the Kwangwoon University, Korea; Kumlan Yu, Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology at the University of Texas San Antonio, USA; Sang Min Lee, Department of Education at the Korea University, Korea.  \nThis research was supported by the 2007 grant from Kwangwoon University.  \nCorrespondence concerning this article should be addressed to Sang Min Lee, 201, Department of Education, College of Education, Korea University \\#1, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea. e-mail: [leesang@korea.ac.kr](leesang@korea.ac.kr).  \n2000; Luzzo, 1993, 1995; Luzzo & Hutcheson, 1996; Luzzo & McWhirter, 2001; McWhirter, 1997; McWhirter & Luzzo, 1996; Swanson, Daniels, & Tokar, 1996; Swanson & Tokar, 1991a, 1991b) . As the unemployment crisis of Korean college graduates has become a salient issue (The Ministry of Labor, 2007), it is important to investigate career barriers in order to better understand their role in career development.  \nThe Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) model has also shown that an individual's perceived career barriers are significantly related to shaping their career maturity, attitudes, and behavior. According to Swanson and Woitke (1997), career barriers are defined as “events or conditions, either within the person or in his/her environment which makes career progress difficult”(p. 434) .  \nThis definition includes the concepts of both intrapersonal barriers (e.g., lack of interest) and environmental barriers (e.g. , gender discrimination), which impede career development (Crites, 1969) . Currently, most career barrier researchers have adopted this definition (Luzzo, 1993;  \nSang Hee Lee, Kumlan Yu, Sang Min Lee  \nMcWhirter, 1997) . Crites (1969) also described barriers as either internal conflicts (e.g., self-concept, motivation to achieve) or external frustrations (e.g., discrimination, wages), which may interfere with one's career development. Accordingly, researchers have frequently treated intrapersonal and environmental barriers as conceptually equivalent (e.g., Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 2000; Luzz","cbCaiguV7ANBX0Z1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiguV7ANBX0Z1","pdf",437960,11,"English","# Introduction\n## Career barrier research background\n## Social Cognitive Career Theory and definitions\n## Classification approaches and overlaps\n## Related variables and outcomes","[{\"question\":\"What does the study aim to do regarding career barriers?\",\"answer\":\"It explores career barrier typology among college students using cluster analysis, rather than focusing only on general correlates.\"},{\"question\":\"How many student participants were included, and what instrument was used?\",\"answer\":\"The study analyzed 318 college students using the Korean college students’ Career Barrier Inventory (KCBI).\"},{\"question\":\"Which variables were used to characterize the career barrier groups?\",\"answer\":\"Personality-related variables (hardiness, trait anxiety, locus of control, resilience, optimism) and career maturity attitude were used.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the major outcomes of the cluster analysis?\",\"answer\":\"Four groups were identified: a salient external barrier group, a well-adjusted group, a salient internal barrier group, and the worst barrier group, with differing personality and maturity-attitude patterns across groups.\"}]","A Typology of Career Barriers | PDF",1792074115,28]