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The study compared teaching outcomes in 156 medical students before and after the intervention. After implementation, students reported higher satisfaction, stronger classroom participation, improved comprehensive examination performance, and enhanced autonomous learning abilities. Additional gains included more frequent independent literature review, better acupuncture point location accuracy, and higher Western medicine examination scores, supporting the model’s effectiveness.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-three-dimensional-clinical-teaching-model-integrating-cbl-and-pbl-for-ophthalmology-clerkship-in-traditional-chinese-and-western-medicine/409919/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-three-dimensional-clinical-teaching-model-integrating-cbl-and-pbl-for-ophthalmology-clerkship-in-traditional-chinese-and-western-medicine/409919.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Miles","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What teaching model was implemented in the study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The study implemented a three-dimensional integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine teaching model that combined case-based learning (CBL) and problem-based learning (PBL).","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How many medical students were included and what was compared?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The study compared teaching outcomes in 156 medical students before and after the intervention.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What improvements were observed after the teaching model was introduced?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Students showed higher satisfaction, increased classroom participation, better comprehensive exam scores, and improved autonomous learning ability, along with gains in independent literature review frequency, acupuncture point location accuracy, and Western medicine exam scores.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},409919,1790795550,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},13056703019404,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","OPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nHuihui Fang,  \nNanyang Technological University, Singapore  \nREVIEWED BY  \nLei Zhong,  \nThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China  \nYan Chen,  \nShanghai Jiao Tong University, China  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nShaolin Du  \n [du.shaolin@hotmail.com](du.shaolin@hotmail.com)[ ](du.shaolin@hotmail.com)Lixia Liu  \n [576967691@qq.com](576967691@qq.com)[ ](576967691@qq.com)Ligang Jiang  \n [jiangligang@wmu.edu.cn](jiangligang@wmu.edu.cn)[ ](jiangligang@wmu.edu.cn)RECEIVED 13 November 2025 REVISED 01 December 2025 ACCEPTED 08 December 2025 PUBLISHED 18 December 2025  \nCITATION  \nZhao M, Li J, Liu J, Jiang Y, Liu R,  \nZhou W, Du S, Liu L and Jiang L (2025) A three-dimensional clinical teaching model integrating CBL and PBL for ophthalmology clerkship in traditional Chinese and Western medicine.  \nFront. Med. 12:1743381 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1743381  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2025 Zhao, Li, Liu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou, Du, Liu and Jiang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nTYPE Original Research PUBLISHED 18 December 2025 DOI 10.3389/fmed.2025.1743381  \nA three-dimensional clinical teaching model integrating CBLand PBL for ophthalmology clerkship in traditional Chinese and Western medicine  \nMinghui Zhao 1, Juan Li 1, Jiali Liu 1, Yanyun Jiang 1, Rui Liu 1, Wei Zhou 2, Shaolin Du 2*, Lixia Liu 2* and Ligang Jiang3*  \n1Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China, 2Tungwah Eye Medical Center, Dongguan Tungwah Hospital, Dongguan, China, 3Department of Ophthalmology, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People’s Hospital, Quzhou, China  \nBackground: Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine has shown clear advantages in the management of ophthalmic diseases. However, misalignment between traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation and Western pathological classification, overemphasis on Western diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and insufficient training in traditional Chinese medicine techniques continue to constrain teaching quality in ophthalmology. Methods: This single-center prospective interventional study implemented a three-dimensional integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine teaching model that combined case-based learning and problem-based learning, and compared teaching outcomes in 156 medical students before and after the intervention.  \nResults: The new teaching model received a mean satisfaction score of 4.54 ± 0.33 on a five-point Likert scale. Compared with baseline, students showed significantly higher classroom participation (92 .0 ± 4. 5% compared with 64.0 ± 8. 5%, p \u003C 0.001), comprehensive examination scores (92 .0 ± 4.0 compared with 77.0 ± 5. 5, p \u003C 0.001), and overall autonomous learning ability scores (4 .54 ± 0.33 compared with 3.20 ± 0.45, p \u003C 0.001) . Additional improvements were observed in independent literature review frequency (3 .5 ± 0.4 compared with 1.2 ± 0.3 times per week, p \u003C 0.001), acupuncture point location accuracy (95 .0% compared with 84.0%, p \u003C 0.001), and Western medicine examination scores (95 .5 ± 3.1 compared with 80.5 ± 4. 2, p \u003C 0.001) . Conclusion: The three-dimensional integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine teaching model effectively enhanced ophthalmology teaching quality and helped cultivate medical students with integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine competencies, as reflected by improved student engagement, autonomous learning, and clinical skill mastery. ","cbCainmeHnneDazg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainmeHnneDazg","pdf",1051986,"English","# Background\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusion\n# Keywords","[{\"question\":\"What teaching model was implemented in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study implemented a three-dimensional integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine teaching model that combined case-based learning (CBL) and problem-based learning (PBL).\"},{\"question\":\"How many medical students were included and what was compared?\",\"answer\":\"The study compared teaching outcomes in 156 medical students before and after the intervention.\"},{\"question\":\"What improvements were observed after the teaching model was introduced?\",\"answer\":\"Students showed higher satisfaction, increased classroom participation, better comprehensive exam scores, and improved autonomous learning ability, along with gains in independent literature review frequency, acupuncture point location accuracy, and Western medicine exam scores.\"}]","A three-dimensional clinical teaching model integrating CBL and PBL for ophthalmology clerkship in traditional Chinese and Western medicine | PDF",1790583690,23]