[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40900-en":3,"doc-seo-40900-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":83},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40900,962075114101,"Seraphina","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e000253a75eb197efd?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780044092746381165",8,"Research & Report","A Theory of Justice Revised Edition","A Theory of Justice (Revised Edition) by John Rawls presents a comprehensive philosophical framework for evaluating social institutions and moral claims about fairness. It develops justice as fairness through the role of justice, the subject of justice, and the central original position argument. The book articulates the two principles of justice, including equal liberty and distributive shares grounded in fair equality of opportunity. It further examines civil duty, obligation, the sense of justice, and the good of justice across the structure of institutions and ends.","A THEORY OF JUSTICE  \nA THEORY OF JUSTICE  \nRevised Edition  \nJOHN RAWLS  \nthe belknap press of harvard university press cambridge, massachusetts  \n© Copyright 1971, 1999 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College  \nAll rights reserved Printed in the United States of America This book is a revised edition of A Theory of Justice, published in 1971 by Harvard University Press.  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rawls, John, 1921– A theory of justice / John Rawls.—Rev. ed.  \n[p. cm](p. cm).  \nIncludes bibliographical references and index.  \nISBN 0-674-00077-3 (cloth : alk. paper) .—  \nISBN 0-674-00078-1 (paper : alk. paper)  \n1. Justice. I. Title.  \nJC578 .R38 1999  \n320 􀀂 .01 􀀂 1—dc21 99-29110  \nFor Mard  \nCONTENTS  \nPREFACE FOR THE REVISED EDITION xi PREFACE xvii  \nPart One. Theory  \nCHAPTER I. JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS 3  \n1. The Role of Justice 3  \n2. The Subject of Justice 6  \n3. The Main Idea of the Theory of Justice 10  \n4. The Original Position and Justification 15  \n5. Classical Utilitarianism 19  \n6. Some Related Contrasts 24  \n7. Intuitionism 30  \n8. The Priority Problem 36  \n9. Some Remarks about Moral Theory 40  \nCHAPTER II. THE PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE 47  \n10. Institutions and Formal Justice 47  \n11. Two Principles of Justice 52  \n12. Interpretations of the Second Principle 57  \n13. Democratic Equality and the Difference Principle 65  \n14. Fair Equality of Opportunity and Pure Procedural Justice 73  \n15. Primary Social Goods as the Basis of Expectations 78  \n16. Relevant Social Positions 81  \n17. The Tendency to Equality 86  \n18. Principles for Individuals: The Principle of Fairness 93  \n19. Principles for Individuals: The Natural Duties 98  \nCHAPTER III. THE ORIGINAL POSITION 102  \n20. The Nature of the Argument for Conceptions of Justice 102  \n21. The Presentation of Alternatives 105  \n22. The Circumstances of Justice 109  \n23. The Formal Constraints of the Concept of Right 112  \n24. The Veil of Ignorance 118  \n25. The Rationality of the Parties 123  \n26. The Reasoning Leading to the Two Principles of Justice 130  \n27. The Reasoning Leading to the Principle of Average Utility 139  \n28. Some Difficulties with the Average Principle 144  \n29. Some Main Grounds for the Two Principles of Justice 153  \n30. Classical Utilitarianism, Impartiality, and Benevolence 160  \nPart Two. Institutions  \nCHAPTER IV. EQUAL LIBERTY 171  \n31. The Four-Stage Sequence 171  \n32. The Concept of Liberty 176  \n33. Equal Liberty of Conscience 180  \n34. Toleration and the Common Interest 186  \n35. Toleration of the Intolerant 190  \n36. Political Justice and the Constitution 194  \n37. Limitations on the Principle of Participation 200  \n38. The Rule of Law 206  \n39. The Priority of Liberty Defined 214  \n40. The Kantian Interpretation of Justice as Fairness 221  \nCHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTIVE SHARES 228  \n41. The Concept of Justice in Political Economy 228  \n42. Some Remarks about Economic Systems 234  \n43. Background Institutions for Distributive Justice 242  \n44. The Problem of Justice between Generations 251  \n45. Time Preference 259  \n46. Further Cases of Priority 263  \n47. The Precepts of Justice 267  \n48. Legitimate Expectations and Moral Desert 273  \n49. Comparison with Mixed Conceptions 277  \n50. The Principle of Perfection 285  \nCHAPTER VI. DUTY AND OBLIGATION 293  \n51. The Arguments for the Principles of Natural Duty 293  \n52. The Arguments for the Principle of Fairness 301  \n53. The Duty to Comply with an Unjust Law 308  \n54. The Status of Majority Rule 313  \n55. The Definition of Civil Disobedience 319  \n56. The Definition of Conscientious Refusal 323  \n57. The Justification of Civil Disobedience 326  \n58. The Justification of Conscientious Refusal 331  \n59. The Role of Civil Disobedience 335  \nPart Three. Ends  \nCHAPTER VII. GOODNESS AS RATIONALITY 347  \n60. The Need for a Theory of the Good 347  \n61. The Definition of Good for Simpler Cases 350  \n62. A Note on Meaning 355  \n63. The Definition of Good for Plans of Life 358  \n64. Deli","cbCaiqdrgi38590u","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqdrgi38590u","pdf",1554831,3,1,561,"English","en",105,"# Preface for the Revised Edition\n# Preface\n# Part One. Theory\n## Chapter I. Justice as Fairness\n## Chapter II. The Principles of Justice\n## Chapter III. The Original Position\n# Part Two. Institutions\n## Chapter IV. Equal Liberty\n## Chapter V. Distributive Shares\n## Chapter VI. Duty and Obligation\n# Part Three. Ends\n## Chapter VII. Goodness as Rationality\n## Chapter VIII. The Sense of Justice\n## Chapter IX. The Good of Justice","[{\"question\":\"How does the original position and veil of ignorance justify the principles of justice?\",\"answer\":\"Rawls uses the original position to structure the selection of principles under fair constraints. The veil of ignorance removes knowledge of one’s personal circumstances, aiming to yield impartial principles that free and rational parties would accept.\"}]",1783316459,1414,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":78,"head_meta":80,"extra_data":82,"updated_unix":28},"a-theory-of-justice-revised-edition-40900","",{"@graph":36,"@context":77},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-theory-of-justice-revised-edition-40900/40900/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-12","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"How does the original position and veil of ignorance justify the principles of justice?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Rawls uses the original position to structure the selection of principles under fair constraints. 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