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The study evaluates which instructional components—such as visual representations, number line use, and mathematical language instruction—relate to positive student outcomes, alongside study features including group size and interventionist training. Methods include a defined search strategy, inclusion and exclusion criteria, screening and coding procedures, and risk-of-bias assessment, followed by meta-analytic procedures and publication-bias checks.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-rational-number-interventions-for-students-experiencing-difficulty-with-mathematics-report/584637/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis-of-rational-number-interventions-for-students-experiencing-difficulty-with-mathematics-report/584637.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Damian","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The review synthesizes evidence on which aspects of rational number interventions are associated with positive outcomes for students who experience difficulties with mathematics.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which instructional components and study features are analyzed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The analysis considers instructional components such as visual representations, number line use, and instruction in mathematical language, as well as study features including group size and interventionist training.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How are studies selected and quality assessed in the review?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review uses a search strategy with defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by screening and coding procedures and a risk-of-bias assessment before data analysis.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},584637,1792232057,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},137451208677,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","1  \nRG RESEARCH GROUP D/B/A  \nA Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Rational Number Interventions for Students  \nExperiencing Difficulty with Mathematics  \n2020  \nRobin Schumacher  \nSarah Krowka  \nKelly Haymond  \nRebecca Newman-Gonchar  \nRussell Gersten  \nInstructional Research Group  \n2  \nThis project was funded by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. DRL 1660853) .  \nCopyright © 2020 Instructional Research Group. Not for reproduction, distribution, or use without permission from Instructional Research Group.  \nPreferred citation is:  \nSchumacher, R., Krowka, S., Haymond, K., Newman-Gonchar, R., Gersten, R. (2020) . A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Rational Number Interventions for Students Experiencing Difficulty with Mathematics. Los Alamitos, CA: Instructional Research Group.  \nThe data set compiled for this project (Schumacher et al., 2021) is available on the Harvard  \nDataverse Network.  \nTo download a copy of this document, [visit www.inresg.org](visit www.inresg.org)  \n3  \nAuthor Note  \nThe authors would like to thank Samantha Spallone, Madhavi Jayanthi, Christopher Tran, Pam Foremski, and Jonathan Cohen for their assistance in editing and preparing the manuscript.  \n4  \nTable of Contents  \n1. Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................6  \n2. Introduction ................................................................................................................................7  \n2.1 Previous Related Reviews.................................................................................................8  \n2.2 Research Questions ...........................................................................................................8  \n3. Method .......................................................................................................................................9  \n3.1 Search Strategy .................................................................................................................9  \n3.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria .....................................................................................10  \nPopulation ....................................................................................................................... 10  \nIntervention ..................................................................................................................... 11  \nComparisons ................................................................................................................... 11  \nOutcome Measures.......................................................................................................... 12  \nStudy Designs ................................................................................................................. 12  \n3.3 Screening and Coding Procedures ..................................................................................12  \n3.4 Risk of Bias ..................................................................................................................... 14  \n3.5 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................. 14  \nEffect Size Metric ........................................................................................................... 14  \nMeta-Analytic Procedures .............................................................................................. 14  \nPublication Bias .............................................................................................................. 17  \nOutliers............................................................................................................................ 17  \nMissing Data ................................................................................................................... 17  \n4. Results ............................................................","cbCaidYY09oQM0sl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidYY09oQM0sl","pdf",865323,49,"English","# Executive Summary\n# Introduction\n## Previous Related Reviews\n## Research Questions\n# Method\n## Search Strategy\n## Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria\n## Screening and Coding Procedures\n## Risk of Bias\n## Data Analysis\n## Effect Size Metric\n## Meta-Analytic Procedures\n## Publication Bias\n## Outliers\n## Missing Data\n# Results\n## Search and Screening Results\n## Study Features\n## Overall Intervention Effect\n## Efficacy of Instructional Components\n## Exploratory Moderator Analyses of Study Features\n## Publication Bias\n## Risk of Bias\n# Summary\n# References\n# Tables\n# Figures","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis?\",\"answer\":\"The review synthesizes evidence on which aspects of rational number interventions are associated with positive outcomes for students who experience difficulties with mathematics.\"},{\"question\":\"Which instructional components and study features are analyzed?\",\"answer\":\"The analysis considers instructional components such as visual representations, number line use, and instruction in mathematical language, as well as study features including group size and interventionist training.\"},{\"question\":\"How are studies selected and quality assessed in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review uses a search strategy with defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by screening and coding procedures and a risk-of-bias assessment before data analysis.\"}]","A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Rational Number Interventions for Students Experiencing Difficulty with Mathematics - report | PDF",1792051641,123]