[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-37253-en":3,"doc-seo-37253-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},37253,1099513958762,"Logic","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1782109480056885918",8,"Research & Report","A Symmetric Image Encryption Scheme Based on 3D Chaotic Cat Maps","Image encryption differs from text encryption due to images’ large bulk data capacity and strong pixel redundancy, which challenge many traditional cryptographic methods. Leveraging chaotic maps’ mixing behavior and sensitivity to initial conditions and parameters, a chaos-based approach is used to address fast, highly secure image protection. The work generalizes the 2D chaotic cat map to a 3D version for real-time symmetric encryption by shuffling pixel positions (and optional gray values) and using an additional chaotic map to break cipher–plain relationships, strengthening resistance to statistical and differential attacks with experimental validation.","Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 21 (2004) 749–761  \n[www.elsevier.com/locate/chaos](www.elsevier.com/locate/chaos)  \nA symmetric image encryption scheme based on 3D chaotic  \ncat maps  \nGuanrong Chen a,* , Yaobin Mao b, Charles K. Chui c,d  \na Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong  \nb Department of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094 PR China c Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Missouri at St. Louis, MO 63121, USA  \nd Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA  \nAccepted 11 December 2003  \nCommunicated by T. Kapitaniak  \nAbstract  \nEncryption of images is different from that of texts due to some intrinsic features of images such as bulk data capacity and high redundancy, which are generally difficult to handle by traditional methods. Due to the exceptionally desirable properties of mixing and sensitivity to initial conditions and parameters of chaotic maps, chaos-based encryption has suggested a new and efficient way to deal with the intractable problem offast and highly secure image encryption. In this paper, the two-dimensional chaotic cat map is generalized to 3D for designing a real-time secure symmetric encryption scheme. This new scheme employs the 3D cat map to shuffle the positions (and, if desired, grey values as well) of image pixels and uses another chaotic map to confuse the relationship between the cipher-image and the plain-image, thereby significantly increasing the resistance to statistical and differential attacks. Thorough experimental tests are carried outwith detailed analysis, demonstrating the high security and fast encryption speed of the new scheme.  \n􀀁 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.  \n1. Introduction  \nThe fascinating developments in digital image processing and network communications during the past decade have created a great demand for real-time secure image transmission over the Internet and through wireless networks. To meet this challenge, a variety of encryption schemes have been proposed [1,2,5–7,17,20] . Among them, chaos-based algorithms have shown some exceptionally good properties in many concerned aspects regarding security, complexity, speed, computing power and computational overhead, etc. Due to some intrinsic features of images, such as bulk data capacity and high correlation among pixels, traditional encryption algorithms such as DES, IDEA and RSA are not suitable for practical image encryption, especially under the scenario of on-line communications. The main obstacle in designing image encryption algorithms is that it is rather difficult to swiftly shuffle and diffuse data by traditional means of cryptology. In this respect, chaos-based algorithms have shown their superior performance. It has been proved that in many aspects chaotic maps have analogous but different characteristics as compared with conventional encryption algorithms [8,9,12,13] . For instance, classical encryption algorithms are sensitive to keys, while chaotic maps are sensitive to initial conditions and parameters; cryptographic algorithms shuffle and diffuse data by rounds of encryption, while chaotic maps spread the initial region over the entire phase space via iterations. The main difference between these two  \n*  \nCorresponding author.  \nE-mail address: [gchen@ee.cityu.edu.hk](gchen@ee.cityu.edu.hk) (G. Chen) .  \n0960-0779/$ - see front matter 􀀁 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2003.12.022  \n750 G. Chen et al. / Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 21 (2004) 749–761  \ntechniques is that encryption operations are defined on finite sets, while chaos in a strict mathematical sense is defined on real numbers. Therefore, some elaborated constructions are needed to successfully employ chaos in encryption.  \nChaos-based encryption is not a very new idea. As early as in 1989 [15], a chaotic function was already used to design a cryptographic algorithm. Although dedica","cbCaio5iemMJN9Mc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaio5iemMJN9Mc","pdf",786713,3,1,13,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Motivation and limitations of traditional encryption\n## Chaos-based encryption properties\n## Related work on chaotic image encryption","[{\"question\":\"Why are traditional encryption algorithms not suitable for image encryption in this work?\",\"answer\":\"Images have bulk data capacity and high correlation among pixels, making schemes like DES, IDEA, and RSA difficult to apply effectively for practical image encryption, especially for online communication.\"},{\"question\":\"What chaotic mechanism does the proposed scheme use?\",\"answer\":\"It generalizes the 2D chaotic cat map to 3D to shuffle image pixel positions (and optionally gray values) and uses another chaotic map to obscure the relationship between the cipher-image and the plain-image.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the scheme improve resistance to attacks?\",\"answer\":\"By combining 3D cat-map shuffling with an additional chaotic map to confuse cipher–plain relationships, the method significantly increases resistance to statistical and differential attacks.\"}]",1783026032,33,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"a-symmetric-image-encryption-scheme-based-on-3d-chaotic-cat-maps","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-symmetric-image-encryption-scheme-based-on-3d-chaotic-cat-maps/37253/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-08","2026-07-02",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why are traditional encryption algorithms not suitable for image encryption in this work?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Images have bulk data capacity and high correlation among pixels, making schemes like DES, IDEA, and RSA difficult to apply effectively for practical image encryption, especially for online communication.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What chaotic mechanism does the proposed scheme use?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It generalizes the 2D chaotic cat map to 3D to shuffle image pixel positions (and optionally gray values) and uses another chaotic map to obscure the relationship between the cipher-image and the plain-image.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How does the scheme improve resistance to attacks?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"By combining 3D cat-map shuffling with an additional chaotic map to confuse cipher–plain relationships, the method significantly increases resistance to statistical and differential 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