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A sample of head school principals completed a modified Thomas-Kilmann Instrument (TKI) questionnaire to assess conflict-handling tendencies. Results show no statistical effect of principal gender, while leadership experience significantly predicts preferences for competing and compromising behaviors, and the manuscript discusses implications for developing conflict-resolution skills and guiding further research.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-study-of-preferred-conflict-management-behaviors-among-small-school-principals-effects-of-gender-and-experience/601835/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-study-of-preferred-conflict-management-behaviors-among-small-school-principals-effects-of-gender-and-experience/601835.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"ahduag","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Which instrument did the study use to measure principals’ conflict-management preferences?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study used a modified Thomas-Kilmann Instrument (TKI), a tool widely used in conflict-management research.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Did the study find a statistical effect of principals’ gender on conflict-management preferences?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"No. The manuscript states that principal gender had no statistical effect on preferred conflict-management behaviors.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What variable significantly explained preferences for competing and compromising behaviors?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Leadership experience significantly explained preferences for competing and compromising behaviors.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},601835,1792168021,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31},3985747870414,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","A Study of Preferred Conflict-Management Behaviors Among Small-School Principals: Effects of  \nGender and Experience  \nThis manuscript has been peer-reviewed, accepted, and endorsed by the National Council of Professors of Educational Administration as a significant contribution to the scholarship and practice of school administration and K-12 education.  \nBrad Vestal  \nCaldwell, Texas ISD  \nMario Torres  \nTexas A&M University  \nIt cannot be overstated the broad skill set managers must have to manage conflict in modern organizations (Lang, 2009; Ramani & Zhimin, 2010;). Few studies have explored this topic in smaller organizational settings where leaders often assume a greater number of roles and responsibilities. For this reason, this study analyzed preferred conflict management behaviors for small-school principals. A sample of head school principals answered a series of questions on a modified Thomas-Kilmann Instrument (TKI) – an instrument widely used in conflictmanagement studies. Behavioral preferences for male and female respondents were compared as in addition to exploring the effect of leadership experience. Although the gender of the principal had no statistical effect, leadership experience significantly explained preference for competing and compromising behaviors. Implications for conflict resolution skill development and research are discussed.  \nNCPEA Education Leadership Review, Vol. 17, No. 2– December, 2016 ISSN: 1532-0723 © 2016 National Council of Professors of Educational Administration  \nIt cannot be overstated the broad skill set managers must have to manage conflict in modern organizations (Lang, 2009 ; Ramani & Zhimin, 2010) . The varied interpersonal abilities leaders need to resolve employee disputes are in large respect a reflection of the dynamic workplace context. Relationships between employees within and across layers of the organization are vastly more complex given the virtually unfettered access to information and technology (Senge, 1994) . Findings from one report reflect the magnitude of workplace conflict and suggest the need for a renewed focus on conflict-management (Consulting Psychologists Press [CPP], 2008) . The study found 85% of respondents reported having to cope with conflict on the job and 29% reported conflict as “always” or “frequently”(CPP, 2008, p. 3) . The same report (CPP, 2008) noted 70% of the employees surveyed perceived managing conflict as a “very or critically important leadership skill while 54% of employees [thought] managers could handle disputes better by addressing underlying tensions before things go wrong”(p. 3) . Also within this report, managers rated their abilities to handle conflict more favorably than their employees’perceptions of how well the managers managed conflict. School leaders, like most managers, must learn to be adaptive in their behaviors to account for the new realities of the workplace and to properly serve organizational interests and goals (Einarsen, Aasland, & Skogstad, 2007) .  \nFor this reason, researchers examined preferences among school principals as to how conflicts should be managed. Leadership preferences for conflict-management were studied within small school district contexts. Prior work reveals the unique context of smaller, less bureaucratic school systems. In smaller schools, management/leadership tends to reflect a greater level of interpersonal intimacy among workplace participants and leaders are usually more engaged in and have a broader understanding of the day-to-day operations of the school compared to leaders in large school settings (Clarke & Wildy, 2004; Mohr, 2000 ; Wasley, et al., 2000) . Experience and gender were explored in the study as possible factors influencing perceptions related to preferred conflict-management approaches as both variables have been linked to leadership effectiveness. The early work of Blake and Mouton (1964) still seems relevant today: leaders seem to still need a dual focus characteri","cbCaiuQRzPxqkr95","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuQRzPxqkr95","pdf",279703,"English","# Introduction\n# Rationale for Exploring Conflict-Management in Small Schools\n# Study Approach and Measures\n# Findings and Discussion","[{\"question\":\"Which instrument did the study use to measure principals’ conflict-management preferences?\",\"answer\":\"The study used a modified Thomas-Kilmann Instrument (TKI), a tool widely used in conflict-management research.\"},{\"question\":\"Did the study find a statistical effect of principals’ gender on conflict-management preferences?\",\"answer\":\"No. The manuscript states that principal gender had no statistical effect on preferred conflict-management behaviors.\"},{\"question\":\"What variable significantly explained preferences for competing and compromising behaviors?\",\"answer\":\"Leadership experience significantly explained preferences for competing and compromising behaviors.\"}]","A Study of Preferred Conflict-Management Behaviors Among Small-School Principals - Effects of Gender and Experience | PDF",1792093509]