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Compares CAR-T with CAR-NK cells by focusing on structural, genetic, and clinical characteristics, and highlights their functional differences. Discusses the “off-the-shelf” potential of adoptive CAR-NK therapy alongside key limitations, especially reduced in-body persistence that can limit sustained anti-tumor efficacy, and positions the field toward precision, ready-to-use treatments.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-structural-genetic-and-clinical-comparison-of-car-t-cells-and-car-nk-cells-companions-or-competitors-review/332624/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/a-structural-genetic-and-clinical-comparison-of-car-t-cells-and-car-nk-cells-companions-or-competitors-review/332624.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"River Wang","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What therapies are compared in this review?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The review compares CAR-T cells and CAR-NK cells for hematological cancers, analyzing how their structure, genetics, and clinical outcomes relate to performance.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why is CAR-NK therapy considered an “off-the-shelf” strategy?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Because natural killer–based adoptive immunotherapy can be designed for universal, allogeneic use, enabling ready-to-use biological treatments rather than relying solely on patient-derived material.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What major challenge limits CAR-NK effectiveness?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"A key limitation is the limited persistence of CAR-NK cells in the body, which can hinder sustained anti-cancer activity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},332624,1790635178,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},1099514067438,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539ee87300030?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780474512215547542","TYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 04 October 2024  \nDOI 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1459818  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nScott McComb,  \nNational Research Council Canada (NRC), Canada  \nREVIEWED BY  \nSam Kung,  \nUniversity of Manitoba, Canada Katarina Mirjacic Martinovic,  \nInstitute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Serbia  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nSalima Hacein-Bey-Abina  \n [salima.hacein-bey-abina@u-paris.fr](salima.hacein-bey-abina@u-paris.fr);  \n [salima.hacein-bey@aphp.fr](salima.hacein-bey@aphp.fr)  \n†These authors have contributed equally to this work  \nRECEIVED 04 July 2024  \nACCEPTED 16 September 2024  \nPUBLISHED 04 October 2024  \nCITATION  \nAndrea AE, Chiron A, Sarrabayrouse G, Bessoles S and Hacein-Bey-Abina S (2024) A structural, genetic and clinical comparison of CAR-T cells and CAR-NK cells:  \ncompanions or competitors?.  \nFront. Immunol. 15:1459818 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1459818  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2024 Andrea, Chiron, Sarrabayrouse, Bessoles and Hacein-Bey-Abina. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nA structural, genetic and clinical comparison of CAR-T cells and CAR-NK cells: companions or competitors?  \nAlain E. Andrea 1†, Andrada Chiron 2,3†, Guillaume Sarrabayrouse 2, St´ephanie Bessoles 2† and Salima Hacein-Bey-Abina 2,3*†  \n1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Saint George University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, 2 Universite´ Paris Cite´ , Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Sante´ et de la Recherche Me´ dicale, Unite´ des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Sante´ (UTCBS),  \nParis, France, 3Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris Saclay, Hˆopital Bicˆetre, Assistance Publique-Hˆopitaux de Paris, Le-Kremlin-Bicˆetre, France  \nIn recent years, following the groundbreaking achievements of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in hematological cancers, and advancements in cell engineering technologies, the exploration of other immune cells has garnered significant attention. CAR-Therapy extended beyond T cells to include CAR natural killer (NK) cells and CAR-macrophages, which are firmly established in the clinical trial landscape. Less conventional immune cells are also making their way into the scene, such as CAR mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. This progress is advancing precision medicine and facilitating the development of ready-to-use biological treatments. However, in view of the unique features of natural killer cells, adoptive NK cell immunotherapy has emerged as a universal, allogenic, “off-the shelf” therapeutic strategy. CAR-NK cytotoxic cells present targeted tumor specificity but seem to be devoid of the side effects associated with CAR-T cells. CAR-NK cells appear to be potentially promising candidates for cancer immunotherapy. However, their application is hindered by significant challenges, particularly the limited persistence of CAR-NK cells in the body, which poses a hurdle to their sustained effectiveness in treating cancer. Based upon the foregoing, this review discusses the current status and applications of both CAR-T cells and CAR-NK cells in hematological cancers, and provides a comparative analysis of the structure, genetics, and clinical outcomes between these two types of genetically modified immune cells.  \nKEYWORDS  \nCAR-T cells, CAR-NK cells, Cytokines, Hematological malignancies, Off-the-shelf Immunotherapies  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \n1 Introduction  \nCellular immunotherapy [also known as adoptive cell therapy (ACT)] has produced significant progr","cbCaikSkT58XnlZY","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikSkT58XnlZY","pdf",1602624,21,"English","# 1 Introduction\n# 2 CAR structure\n## 2.1 Different generations of CAR-T cells and CAR-NK cells","[{\"question\":\"What therapies are compared in this review?\",\"answer\":\"The review compares CAR-T cells and CAR-NK cells for hematological cancers, analyzing how their structure, genetics, and clinical outcomes relate to performance.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is CAR-NK therapy considered an “off-the-shelf” strategy?\",\"answer\":\"Because natural killer–based adoptive immunotherapy can be designed for universal, allogeneic use, enabling ready-to-use biological treatments rather than relying solely on patient-derived material.\"},{\"question\":\"What major challenge limits CAR-NK effectiveness?\",\"answer\":\"A key limitation is the limited persistence of CAR-NK cells in the body, which can hinder sustained anti-cancer activity.\"}]","A structural, genetic and clinical comparison of CAR-T cells and CAR-NK cells: companions or competitors? - Review | PDF",1789998943,53]