[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-122634-en":3,"doc-seo-122634-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},122634,1099513958762,"Logic","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1784791008015729253",8,"Research & Report","A Southern Ocean supergyre as a unifying dynamical framework identified by physics-informed machine learning - Article","Southern Ocean plays a central role in the global overturning circulation and regulates carbon, heat, biological production, and sea level, yet its circulation and upwelling pathways remain insufficiently resolved. The study introduces a physics-informed unsupervised machine learning framework with principled constraints to propose a semi-circumpolar supergyre framework south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. It links leaking sub-gyres in the Weddell and Ross seas through rough topography, revealing coherent driving forces in vorticity-based analysis. Results are supported by existing observations and indicate limits of separate-structure and zonally averaged approaches for climate applications.","ARTICLE  \n [https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00793-7](https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00793-7)  OPEN  \nA Southern Ocean supergyre as a unifying dynamical framework identified by physicsinformed machine learning  \nMaike Sonnewald  1,2,3✉, Krissy Anne Reeve  4,6 & Redouane Lguensat  5,6  \nThe Southern Ocean closes the global overturning circulation and is key to the regulation of carbon, heat, biological production, and sea level. However, the dynamics of the general circulation and upwelling pathways remain poorly understood. Here, a physics-informed unsupervised machine learning framework using principled constraints is used. A unifying framework is proposed invoking a semi-circumpolar supergyre south of the Antarctic circumpolar current: a massive series of leaking sub-gyres spanning the Weddell and Ross seas that are connected and maintained via rough topography that acts as scaffolding. The supergyre framework challenges the conventional view of having separate circulation structures in the Weddell and Ross seas and suggests that idealized models and zonallyaveraged frameworks may be of limited utility for climate applications. Machine learning was used to reveal areas of coherent driving forces within a vorticity-based analysis. Predictions from the supergyre framework are supported by available observations and could aid observational and modelling efforts to study this climatologically key region undergoing rapid change.  \n1 Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA. 2 University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. 3 NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA.  \n4 Department of Physical Oceanography, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany. 5 Institut PierreSimon Laplace, I RD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. 6These authors contributed equally: Krissy Anne Reeve, Redouane Lguensat. ✉[email: maikes@princeton.edu](email: maikes@princeton.edu)  \nCOMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT | (2023)4:153| [https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00793-7 |www.nature.com/commsenv](https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00793-7 |www.nature.com/commsenv) 1  \nThe ocean is a central component of the climate system, for  \nexample, storing over 90% of the anthropogenically  \nintroduced heat from 1971 to 20101 . The large-scale circulation is key to such storage, transporting waters meridionally (north–south) . The Southern Ocean, encircling the Antarctic continent is a key component of the global scale meridional circulation: warm surface waters are made dense and sink at high northern latitudes, and the global loop is closed via upwelling which largely happens in the Southern Ocean2. The heat released by upwelled waters along the coast of Antarctica impacts important processes, such as melt rates of land-based ice which is a key tipping point in the Earth system associated with drastic impacts on sea level3,4. Despite its climatically key role, many open questions remain regarding how the circulation in the Southern Ocean is realized and maintained, and substantial model bias persists5. Even large-scale currents such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and the upwelling key to modulating climate remain poorly understood, and relatively few observational estimates exist of sufficient length and time scales. Focusing on the large-scale dynamics of the Southern Ocean leading to upwelling, the present work elucidates key driving features that could aid both model development and observational strategies. The method used here is objective regime discovery which is a methodology based on machine learning and introduced in ref. 6.  \nThe Southern Ocean subpolar gyres, regions of large-scale recirculation, are instrumental in the upwelling of warm waters, and thus in the modulation of the overturning circulation7–9. Gyre circulation is implicated in bringing warmer waters associated with the ACC towards the Antarctic coast where dense waters are formed. Despite the key role of","cbCaitiffw8ufUKy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitiffw8ufUKy","pdf",4677774,1,20,"English","en",105,"# Background\n## Southern Ocean role in climate regulation\n## Open questions and modeling limitations\n# Method\n## Physics-informed unsupervised machine learning\n## Objective regime discovery with principled constraints\n# Findings\n## Semi-circumpolar supergyre framework\n## Connections between Weddell and Ross sub-gyres via topography\n## Coherent driving forces in vorticity-based analysis\n# Implications\n## Challenges to conventional separate-gyre views\n## Relevance for observations and climate modeling","[{\"question\":\"What new framework does the study propose for the Southern Ocean?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes a semi-circumpolar Southern Ocean supergyre: a connected series of leaking sub-gyres spanning the Weddell and Ross seas, maintained through rough topography.\"},{\"question\":\"How does physics-informed unsupervised machine learning contribute to the analysis?\",\"answer\":\"The approach uses principled constraints within a physics-informed unsupervised framework, enabling regime discovery and revealing coherent driving forces using a vorticity-based analysis.\"},{\"question\":\"Why might zonally averaged or separate-structure models be limited for climate applications?\",\"answer\":\"The supergyre framework suggests circulation structures in the Weddell and Ross regions are connected and maintained jointly, implying that treating them as separate entities or relying on zonal averaging may reduce predictive utility.\"}]","A Southern Ocean supergyre as a unifying dynamical framework identified by physics-informed machine learning - Article | PDF",1785811830,50,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"a-southern-ocean-supergyre-as-a-unifying-dynamical-framework-identified-by-physics-informed-machine-learning-article","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/a-southern-ocean-supergyre-as-a-unifying-dynamical-framework-identified-by-physics-informed-machine-learning-article/122634/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-04",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What new framework does the study propose for the Southern Ocean?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It proposes a semi-circumpolar Southern Ocean supergyre: a connected series of leaking sub-gyres spanning the Weddell and Ross seas, maintained through rough topography.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does physics-informed unsupervised machine learning contribute to the analysis?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The approach uses principled constraints within a physics-informed unsupervised framework, enabling regime discovery and revealing coherent driving forces using a vorticity-based analysis.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Why might zonally averaged or separate-structure models be limited for climate applications?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The supergyre framework suggests circulation structures in the Weddell and Ross regions are connected and maintained jointly, implying that treating them as separate entities or relying on zonal averaging may reduce predictive utility.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,114,119,122,126,129,133],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":29,"slug":113},6,"Technology","technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":125},9,"Religion & Spirituality","religion-spirituality",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":127,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":128},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":130,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":131,"show_sort_weight":130,"slug":132},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":134,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":135,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":136},19,"General","general"]